README.md: remove broken image (#595)

This image duplicates the `curve25519-dalek` table entry below. It also doesn't actually link to anything, making README.md look broken.
dalek-cryptography · Nov 1, 2023 · 89aabac · 89aabac
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 # Dalek elliptic curve cryptography
 
 This repo contains pure-Rust crates for elliptic curve cryptography:
-[![curve25519 Rust]()](https://github.com/dalek-cryptography/curve25519-dalek/actions/workflows/curve25519-dalek.yml)
 
 |                 Crate                    |   Description  | Crates.io | Docs | CI                                                                                                                                                                                                                          |
 -------------------------------------------|----------------|-----------|------|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------