Extensible SQL Lexer and Parser for Rust

The goal of this project is to build a SQL lexer and parser capable of parsing SQL that conforms with the ANSI/ISO SQL standard while also making it easy to support custom dialects so that this crate can be used as a foundation for vendor-specific parsers.

This parser is currently being used by the DataFusion query engine, LocustDB, Ballista and GlueSQL.

Example

To parse a simple SELECT statement:

use sqlparser::dialect::GenericDialect;
use sqlparser::parser::Parser;

let sql = "SELECT a, b, 123, myfunc(b) \
           FROM table_1 \
           WHERE a > b AND b < 100 \
           ORDER BY a DESC, b";

let dialect = GenericDialect {}; // or AnsiDialect, or your own dialect ...

let ast = Parser::parse_sql(&dialect, sql).unwrap();

println!("AST: {:?}", ast);

This outputs

AST: [Query(Query { ctes: [], body: Select(Select { distinct: false, projection: [UnnamedExpr(Identifier("a")), UnnamedExpr(Identifier("b")), UnnamedExpr(Value(Long(123))), UnnamedExpr(Function(Function { name: ObjectName(["myfunc"]), args: [Identifier("b")], over: None, distinct: false }))], from: [TableWithJoins { relation: Table { name: ObjectName(["table_1"]), alias: None, args: [], with_hints: [] }, joins: [] }], selection: Some(BinaryOp { left: BinaryOp { left: Identifier("a"), op: Gt, right: Identifier("b") }, op: And, right: BinaryOp { left: Identifier("b"), op: Lt, right: Value(Long(100)) } }), group_by: [], having: None }), order_by: [OrderByExpr { expr: Identifier("a"), asc: Some(false) }, OrderByExpr { expr: Identifier("b"), asc: None }], limit: None, offset: None, fetch: None })]

Command line

To parse a file and dump the results as JSON:

$ cargo run --features json_example --example cli FILENAME.sql [--dialectname]

SQL compliance

SQL was first standardized in 1987, and revisions of the standard have been published regularly since. Most revisions have added significant new features to the language, and as a result no database claims to support the full breadth of features. This parser currently supports most of the SQL-92 syntax, plus some syntax from newer versions that have been explicitly requested, plus some MSSQL, PostgreSQL, and other dialect-specific syntax. Whenever possible, the online SQL:2016 grammar is used to guide what syntax to accept.

Unfortunately, stating anything more specific about compliance is difficult. There is no publicly available test suite that can assess compliance automatically, and doing so manually would strain the project's limited resources. Still, we are interested in eventually supporting the full SQL dialect, and we are slowly building out our own test suite.

If you are assessing whether this project will be suitable for your needs, you'll likely need to experimentally verify whether it supports the subset of SQL that you need. Please file issues about any unsupported queries that you discover. Doing so helps us prioritize support for the portions of the standard that are actually used. Note that if you urgently need support for a feature, you will likely need to write the implementation yourself. See the Contributing section for details.

Supporting custom SQL dialects

This is a work in progress, but we have some notes on writing a custom SQL parser.

Design

The core expression parser uses the Pratt Parser design, which is a top-down operator-precedence (TDOP) parser, while the surrounding SQL statement parser is a traditional, hand-written recursive descent parser. Eli Bendersky has a good tutorial on TDOP parsers, if you are interested in learning more about the technique.

We are a fan of this design pattern over parser generators for the following reasons:

• Code is simple to write and can be concise and elegant
• Performance is generally better than code generated by parser generators
• Debugging is much easier with hand-written code
• It is far easier to extend and make dialect-specific extensions compared to using a parser generator

Contributing

Contributions are highly encouraged! However, the bandwidth we have to maintain this crate is fairly limited.

Pull requests that add support for or fix a bug in a feature in the SQL standard, or a feature in a popular RDBMS, like Microsoft SQL Server or PostgreSQL, will likely be accepted after a brief review.

The current maintainers do not plan for any substantial changes to this crate's API at this time. And thus, PRs proposing major refactors are not likely to be accepted.

Please be aware that, while we hope to review PRs in a reasonably timely fashion, it may take a while. In order to speed the process, please make sure the PR passes all CI checks, and includes tests demonstrating your code works as intended (and to avoid regressions). Remember to also test error paths.

PRs without tests will not be reviewed or merged. Since the CI ensures that cargo test, cargo fmt, and cargo clippy, pass you will likely want to run all three commands locally before submitting your PR.

If you are unable to submit a patch, feel free to file an issue instead. Please try to include:

• some representative examples of the syntax you wish to support or fix;
• the relevant bits of the SQL grammar, if the syntax is part of SQL:2016; and
• links to documentation for the feature for a few of the most popular databases that support it.

If you need support for a feature, you will likely need to implement it yourself. Our goal as maintainers is to facilitate the integration of various features from various contributors, but not to provide the implementations ourselves, as we simply don't have the resources.

Licensing

All code in this repository is licensed under the Apache Software License 2.0.

Unless you explicitly state otherwise, any contribution intentionally submitted for inclusion in the work by you, as defined in the Apache-2.0 license, shall be licensed as above, without any additional terms or conditions.