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+
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         <h1></h1>
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+        <p>Last updated on 2024-07-08 |
+
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         <a href="https://github.com/datacarpentry/R-ecology-lesson-alternative/edit/main/CONDUCT.Rmd" class="external-link">Edit on GitHub</a>
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+
 	
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             </div>
             <hr class="half-width resources"><a href="aio.html">See all in one page</a>
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         <h1></h1>
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+
         <a href="https://github.com/datacarpentry/R-ecology-lesson-alternative/edit/main/LICENSE.Rmd" class="external-link">Edit on GitHub</a>
-        
+
 	
         | <a href="https://github.com/datacarpentry/R-ecology-lesson-alternative/blob/main/CONTRIBUTING.md" class="external-link">Contributing</a>
         | <a href="https://github.com/datacarpentry/R-ecology-lesson-alternative/" class="external-link">Source</a></p>
 				<p><a href="https://github.com/datacarpentry/R-ecology-lesson-alternative/blob/main/CITATION" class="external-link">Cite</a> | <a href="mailto:team@carpentries.org">Contact</a> | <a href="https://carpentries.org/about/" class="external-link">About</a></p>
 			</div>
 			<div class="col-md-6">
-        
+
         <p>Materials licensed under <a href="LICENSE.html">CC-BY 4.0</a> by the authors</p>
-        
+
         <p>Template licensed under <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/" class="external-link">CC-BY 4.0</a> by <a href="https://carpentries.org/" class="external-link">The Carpentries</a></p>
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@@ -414,8 +414,8 @@ <h3 id="software">Software<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#software"
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   "identifier": "https://datacarpentry.github.io/R-ecology-lesson-alternative/LICENSE.html",
   "dateCreated": "2015-04-02",
-  "dateModified": "2024-07-02",
-  "datePublished": "2024-07-02"
+  "dateModified": "2024-07-08",
+  "datePublished": "2024-07-08"
 }
 
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diff --git a/NEWS.html b/NEWS.html
index a884a7a4..69d423ef 100644
--- a/NEWS.html
+++ b/NEWS.html
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@
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             <hr class="half-width resources"><a href="aio.html">See all in one page</a>
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       <hr></nav><main id="main-content" class="main-content"><div class="container lesson-content">
         <h1></h1>
-        <p>Last updated on 2024-07-02 |
-        
+        <p>Last updated on 2024-07-08 |
+
         <a href="https://github.com/datacarpentry/R-ecology-lesson-alternative/edit/main/NEWS.md" class="external-link">Edit this page <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="edit"></i></a></p>
-        
-        
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+
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+<section><h2 class="section-heading" id="r-ecology-lesson-v2017-04-0">R-ecology-lesson v2017.04.0<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#r-ecology-lesson-v2017.04.0"></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#r-ecology-lesson-v2017-04-0"></a></h2>
 <hr class="half-width"><p>Initial release of the Data Carpentry R ecology lesson.</p>
 </section></div> <!-- / div.lesson-content -->
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-        
+
         <a href="https://github.com/datacarpentry/R-ecology-lesson-alternative/edit/main/NEWS.md" class="external-link">Edit on GitHub</a>
-        
+
 	
         | <a href="https://github.com/datacarpentry/R-ecology-lesson-alternative/blob/main/CONTRIBUTING.md" class="external-link">Contributing</a>
         | <a href="https://github.com/datacarpentry/R-ecology-lesson-alternative/" class="external-link">Source</a></p>
 				<p><a href="https://github.com/datacarpentry/R-ecology-lesson-alternative/blob/main/CITATION" class="external-link">Cite</a> | <a href="mailto:team@carpentries.org">Contact</a> | <a href="https://carpentries.org/about/" class="external-link">About</a></p>
 			</div>
 			<div class="col-md-6">
-        
+
         <p>Materials licensed under <a href="LICENSE.html">CC-BY 4.0</a> by the authors</p>
-        
+
         <p>Template licensed under <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/" class="external-link">CC-BY 4.0</a> by <a href="https://carpentries.org/" class="external-link">The Carpentries</a></p>
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 }
 
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diff --git a/aio.html b/aio.html
index bdb127f6..d69b07e6 100644
--- a/aio.html
+++ b/aio.html
@@ -65,7 +65,7 @@
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+
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@@ -203,7 +203,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header" id="flush-headingNine">
 <!--div.sidenav-view-selector -->
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@@ -225,7 +225,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
         <a href="index.html">Summary and Setup</a>
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@@ -237,7 +237,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
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     </div>
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             </div>
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 <a href="aio.html">See all in one page</a>
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 <section id="aio-introduction-r-rstudio"><p>Content from <a href="introduction-r-rstudio.html">Introduction to R and RStudio</a></p>
 <hr>
-<p>Last updated on 2024-07-02 |
-        
+<p>Last updated on 2024-07-08 |
+
         <a href="https://github.com/datacarpentry/R-ecology-lesson-alternative/edit/main/episodes/introduction-r-rstudio.Rmd" class="external-link">Edit this page <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="edit"></i></a></p>
 <div class="text-end">
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@@ -372,7 +372,8 @@ <h3 class="card-title">Objectives</h3>
 </div>
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+<section><h2 class="section-heading" id="what-are-r-and-rstudio">What are R and RStudio?<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#what-are-r-and-rstudio"></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#what-are-r-and-rstudio"></a>
 </h2>
 <hr class="half-width">
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@@ -382,7 +383,8 @@ <h3 class="card-title">Objectives</h3>
 software. It’s a very popular platform, and RStudio also maintains the
 <a href="https://www.tidyverse.org/" class="external-link"><code>tidyverse</code></a> series
 of packages we will use in this lesson.</p>
-</section><section id="why-learn-r"><h2 class="section-heading">Why learn R?<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#why-learn-r"></a>
+</section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="why-learn-r">Why learn R?<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#why-learn-r"></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#why-learn-r"></a>
 </h2>
 <hr class="half-width">
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@@ -392,7 +394,7 @@ <h3 class="card-title">Objectives</h3>
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+<div id="collapseSolution1" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution1" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution1">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>You’re working on a project when your advisor suggests that you begin
 working with one of their long-time collaborators. According to your
@@ -525,7 +527,8 @@ <h3 id="not-only-is-r-free-but-it-is-also-open-source-and-cross-platform">Not on
 this transparency, there is less chance for mistakes, and if you (or
 someone else) find some, you can report and fix bugs.</p>
 </div>
-</section><section id="navigating-rstudio"><h2 class="section-heading">Navigating RStudio<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#navigating-rstudio"></a>
+</section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="navigating-rstudio">Navigating RStudio<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#navigating-rstudio"></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#navigating-rstudio"></a>
 </h2>
 <hr class="half-width">
 <p>We will use the RStudio integrated development environment (IDE) to
@@ -573,7 +576,8 @@ <h3 id="not-only-is-r-free-but-it-is-also-open-source-and-cross-platform">Not on
 window, and also includes features like keyboard shortcuts,
 autocompletion of code, and syntax highlighting (different types of code
 are colored differently, making it easier to navigate your code).</p>
-</section><section id="getting-set-up-in-rstudio"><h2 class="section-heading">Getting set up in RStudio<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#getting-set-up-in-rstudio"></a>
+</section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="getting-set-up-in-rstudio">Getting set up in RStudio<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#getting-set-up-in-rstudio"></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#getting-set-up-in-rstudio"></a>
 </h2>
 <hr class="half-width">
 <p>It is a good practice to organize your projects into self-contained
@@ -629,7 +633,8 @@ <h3 id="not-only-is-r-free-but-it-is-also-open-source-and-cross-platform">Not on
 as files. We want to get used to everything we generate in a single R
 session being <em>disposable</em>. We want our scripts to be able to
 regenerate things we need, other than “raw materials” like data.</p>
-</section><section id="organizing-your-project-directory"><h2 class="section-heading">Organizing your project directory<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#organizing-your-project-directory"></a>
+</section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="organizing-your-project-directory">Organizing your project directory<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#organizing-your-project-directory"></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#organizing-your-project-directory"></a>
 </h2>
 <hr class="half-width">
 <p>Using a consistent folder structure across all your new projects will
@@ -679,7 +684,8 @@ <h3 id="not-only-is-r-free-but-it-is-also-open-source-and-cross-platform">Not on
 that the <strong>Files</strong> pane helps you create, find, and open
 files, but moving through your files won’t change where the
 <strong>working directory</strong> of your project is.</p>
-</section><section id="working-in-r-and-rstudio"><h2 class="section-heading">Working in R and RStudio<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#working-in-r-and-rstudio"></a>
+</section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="working-in-r-and-rstudio">Working in R and RStudio<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#working-in-r-and-rstudio"></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#working-in-r-and-rstudio"></a>
 </h2>
 <hr class="half-width">
 <p>The basis of programming is that we write down instructions for the
@@ -786,8 +792,8 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
 </div>
 </section></section><section id="aio-visualizing-ggplot"><p>Content from <a href="visualizing-ggplot.html">Data visualization with ggplot2</a></p>
 <hr>
-<p>Last updated on 2024-07-02 |
-        
+<p>Last updated on 2024-07-08 |
+
         <a href="https://github.com/datacarpentry/R-ecology-lesson-alternative/edit/main/episodes/visualizing-ggplot.Rmd" class="external-link">Edit this page <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="edit"></i></a></p>
 <div class="text-end">
           <button role="button" aria-pressed="false" tabindex="0" id="expand-code" class="pull-right" data-expand="Expand All Solutions " data-collapse="Collapse All Solutions "> Expand All Solutions <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="plus"></i></button>
@@ -827,7 +833,8 @@ <h3 class="card-title">Objectives</h3>
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
-<section id="setup"><h2 class="section-heading">Setup<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#setup"></a>
+<section><h2 class="section-heading" id="setup">Setup<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#setup"></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#setup"></a>
 </h2>
 <hr class="half-width">
 <p>We are going to be using <strong>functions</strong> from the
@@ -940,7 +947,8 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <strong>chr</strong> for character), and the first 10 entries in that
 variable. We will talk more about different data types and structures
 later on.</p>
-</section><section id="plotting-with-ggplot2"><h2 class="section-heading">Plotting with <strong><code>ggplot2</code></strong><a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#plotting-with-ggplot2"></a>
+</section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="plotting-with-ggplot2">Plotting with <strong><code>ggplot2</code></strong><a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#plotting-with-ggplot2"></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#plotting-with-ggplot2"></a>
 </h2>
 <hr class="half-width">
 <p><strong><code>ggplot2</code></strong> is a powerful package that
@@ -1074,7 +1082,8 @@ <h3 class="code-label">ERROR<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
-</section><section id="changing-aesthetics"><h2 class="section-heading">Changing aesthetics<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#changing-aesthetics"></a>
+</section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="changing-aesthetics">Changing aesthetics<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#changing-aesthetics"></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#changing-aesthetics"></a>
 </h2>
 <hr class="half-width">
 <p>Building <strong><code>ggplot</code></strong> plots is often an
@@ -1247,7 +1256,8 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
-</section><section id="changing-scales"><h2 class="section-heading">Changing scales<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#changing-scales"></a>
+</section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="changing-scales">Changing scales<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#changing-scales"></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#changing-scales"></a>
 </h2>
 <hr class="half-width">
 <p>The default discrete color scale isn’t always ideal: it isn’t
@@ -1284,7 +1294,8 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 similar things are given similar names. Any function that modifies a
 <code>ggplot</code> scale starts with <code>scale_</code>, making it
 easier to search for the right function.</p>
-</section><section id="boxplot"><h2 class="section-heading">Boxplot<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#boxplot"></a>
+</section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="boxplot">Boxplot<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#boxplot"></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#boxplot"></a>
 </h2>
 <hr class="half-width">
 <p>Let’s try making a different type of plot altogether. We’ll start off
@@ -1363,7 +1374,8 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
-</section><section id="adding-geoms"><h2 class="section-heading">Adding geoms<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#adding-geoms"></a>
+</section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="adding-geoms">Adding geoms<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#adding-geoms"></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#adding-geoms"></a>
 </h2>
 <hr class="half-width">
 <p>One of the most powerful aspects of
@@ -1546,7 +1558,8 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
-</section><section id="changing-themes"><h2 class="section-heading">Changing themes<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#changing-themes"></a>
+</section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="changing-themes">Changing themes<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#changing-themes"></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#changing-themes"></a>
 </h2>
 <hr class="half-width">
 <p>So far we’ve been changing the appearance of parts of our plot
@@ -1729,7 +1742,8 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Callout<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#ca
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
-</section><section id="changing-labels"><h2 class="section-heading">Changing labels<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#changing-labels"></a>
+</section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="changing-labels">Changing labels<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#changing-labels"></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#changing-labels"></a>
 </h2>
 <hr class="half-width">
 <p>Our plot is really shaping up now. However, we probably want to make
@@ -1790,7 +1804,8 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
-</section><section id="faceting"><h2 class="section-heading">Faceting<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#faceting"></a>
+</section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="faceting">Faceting<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#faceting"></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#faceting"></a>
 </h2>
 <hr class="half-width">
 <p>One of the most powerful features of
@@ -1841,7 +1856,8 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Callout<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#ca
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
-</section><section id="exporting-plots"><h2 class="section-heading">Exporting plots<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#exporting-plots"></a>
+</section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="exporting-plots">Exporting plots<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#exporting-plots"></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#exporting-plots"></a>
 </h2>
 <hr class="half-width">
 <p>Once we are happy with our final plot, we can assign the whole thing
@@ -1925,8 +1941,8 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
 </div>
 </section></section><section id="aio-how-r-thinks-about-data"><p>Content from <a href="how-r-thinks-about-data.html">Exploring and understanding data</a></p>
 <hr>
-<p>Last updated on 2024-07-02 |
-        
+<p>Last updated on 2024-07-08 |
+
         <a href="https://github.com/datacarpentry/R-ecology-lesson-alternative/edit/main/episodes/how-r-thinks-about-data.Rmd" class="external-link">Edit this page <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="edit"></i></a></p>
 <div class="text-end">
           <button role="button" aria-pressed="false" tabindex="0" id="expand-code" class="pull-right" data-expand="Expand All Solutions " data-collapse="Collapse All Solutions "> Expand All Solutions <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="plus"></i></button>
@@ -1960,7 +1976,8 @@ <h3 class="card-title">Objectives</h3>
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
-<section id="setup"><h2 class="section-heading">Setup<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#setup"></a>
+<section><h2 class="section-heading" id="setup">Setup<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#setup"></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#setup"></a>
 </h2>
 <hr class="half-width">
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb1">
@@ -1970,7 +1987,8 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 <code class="sourceCode R"><span><span class="kw">library</span><span class="op">(</span><span class="va">tidyverse</span><span class="op">)</span></span>
 <span><span class="kw">library</span><span class="op">(</span><span class="va">ratdat</span><span class="op">)</span></span></code></pre>
 </div>
-</section><section id="the-data.frame"><h2 class="section-heading">The data.frame<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#the-data.frame"></a>
+</section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="the-data-frame">The data.frame<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#the-data.frame"></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#the-data-frame"></a>
 </h2>
 <hr class="half-width">
 <p>We just spent quite a bit of time learning how to create
@@ -2198,29 +2216,29 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 <div class="codewrapper">
 <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
-<pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code>   record_id         month             day            year         plot_id     
- Min.   :    1   Min.   : 1.000   Min.   : 1.0   Min.   :1977   Min.   : 1.00  
- 1st Qu.: 4220   1st Qu.: 3.000   1st Qu.: 9.0   1st Qu.:1981   1st Qu.: 5.00  
- Median : 8440   Median : 6.000   Median :15.0   Median :1983   Median :11.00  
- Mean   : 8440   Mean   : 6.382   Mean   :15.6   Mean   :1984   Mean   :11.47  
- 3rd Qu.:12659   3rd Qu.: 9.000   3rd Qu.:23.0   3rd Qu.:1987   3rd Qu.:17.00  
- Max.   :16878   Max.   :12.000   Max.   :31.0   Max.   :1989   Max.   :24.00  
-                                                                               
-  species_id            sex            hindfoot_length     weight      
- Length:16878       Length:16878       Min.   : 6.00   Min.   :  4.00  
- Class :character   Class :character   1st Qu.:21.00   1st Qu.: 24.00  
- Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Median :35.00   Median : 42.00  
-                                       Mean   :31.98   Mean   : 53.22  
-                                       3rd Qu.:37.00   3rd Qu.: 53.00  
-                                       Max.   :70.00   Max.   :278.00  
-                                       NA's   :2733    NA's   :1692    
-    genus             species              taxa            plot_type        
- Length:16878       Length:16878       Length:16878       Length:16878      
- Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  
- Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  
-                                                                            
-                                                                            
-                                                                            
+<pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code>   record_id         month             day            year         plot_id
+ Min.   :    1   Min.   : 1.000   Min.   : 1.0   Min.   :1977   Min.   : 1.00
+ 1st Qu.: 4220   1st Qu.: 3.000   1st Qu.: 9.0   1st Qu.:1981   1st Qu.: 5.00
+ Median : 8440   Median : 6.000   Median :15.0   Median :1983   Median :11.00
+ Mean   : 8440   Mean   : 6.382   Mean   :15.6   Mean   :1984   Mean   :11.47
+ 3rd Qu.:12659   3rd Qu.: 9.000   3rd Qu.:23.0   3rd Qu.:1987   3rd Qu.:17.00
+ Max.   :16878   Max.   :12.000   Max.   :31.0   Max.   :1989   Max.   :24.00
+
+  species_id            sex            hindfoot_length     weight
+ Length:16878       Length:16878       Min.   : 6.00   Min.   :  4.00
+ Class :character   Class :character   1st Qu.:21.00   1st Qu.: 24.00
+ Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Median :35.00   Median : 42.00
+                                       Mean   :31.98   Mean   : 53.22
+                                       3rd Qu.:37.00   3rd Qu.: 53.00
+                                       Max.   :70.00   Max.   :278.00
+                                       NA's   :2733    NA's   :1692
+    genus             species              taxa            plot_type
+ Length:16878       Length:16878       Length:16878       Length:16878
+ Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character
+ Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character
+
+
+
                                                                             </code></pre>
 </div>
 <p>And, as we have already done, we can use <code>str()</code> to look
@@ -2284,7 +2302,8 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 </div>
 <p>What we get back is a whole bunch of numbers, the entries in the
 <code>year</code> column printed out in order.</p>
-</section><section id="vectors-the-building-block-of-data"><h2 class="section-heading">Vectors: the building block of data<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#vectors-the-building-block-of-data"></a>
+</section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="vectors-the-building-block-of-data">Vectors: the building block of data<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#vectors-the-building-block-of-data"></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#vectors-the-building-block-of-data"></a>
 </h2>
 <hr class="half-width">
 <p>You might have noticed that our last result looked different from
@@ -2583,7 +2602,8 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution3"> Show me the solution </h4>
 It is a good idea to check the <code>class()</code> of your results
 frequently, particularly if you are running into confusing error
 messages.</p>
-</section><section id="missing-data"><h2 class="section-heading">Missing data<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#missing-data"></a>
+</section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="missing-data">Missing data<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#missing-data"></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#missing-data"></a>
 </h2>
 <hr class="half-width">
 <p>One of the great things about R is how it handles missing data, which
@@ -2625,7 +2645,8 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 </h3>
 <pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code>[1] 12</code></pre>
 </div>
-</section><section id="vectors-as-arguments"><h2 class="section-heading">Vectors as arguments<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#vectors-as-arguments"></a>
+</section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="vectors-as-arguments">Vectors as arguments<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#vectors-as-arguments"></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#vectors-as-arguments"></a>
 </h2>
 <hr class="half-width">
 <p>A common reason to create a vector from scratch is to use in a
@@ -2643,7 +2664,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 <div class="codewrapper">
 <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
-<pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code>25% 
+<pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code>25%
  24 </code></pre>
 </div>
 <p>Now we get back the 25% quantile value for weights. However, we often
@@ -2660,7 +2681,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 <div class="codewrapper">
 <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
-<pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code>25% 50% 75% 
+<pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code>25% 50% 75%
  24  42  53 </code></pre>
 </div>
 <p>While the <code>c()</code> function is very flexible, it doesn’t
@@ -2871,16 +2892,17 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 <div class="codewrapper">
 <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
-<pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code>  0%   5%  10%  15%  20%  25%  30%  35%  40%  45%  50%  55%  60%  65%  70%  75% 
-   6   16   17   19   20   21   22   31   33   34   35   35   36   36   36   37 
- 80%  85%  90%  95% 100% 
+<pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code>  0%   5%  10%  15%  20%  25%  30%  35%  40%  45%  50%  55%  60%  65%  70%  75%
+   6   16   17   19   20   21   22   31   33   34   35   35   36   36   36   37
+ 80%  85%  90%  95% 100%
   37   39   49   51   70 </code></pre>
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
-</section><section id="building-with-vectors"><h2 class="section-heading">Building with vectors<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#building-with-vectors"></a>
+</section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="building-with-vectors">Building with vectors<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#building-with-vectors"></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#building-with-vectors"></a>
 </h2>
 <hr class="half-width">
 <p>We have now seen vectors in a few different forms: as columns in a
@@ -2937,7 +2959,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 <div class="codewrapper">
 <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
-<pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code>[1] male   female female male   female &lt;NA&gt;  
+<pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code>[1] male   female female male   female &lt;NA&gt;
 Levels: female male</code></pre>
 </div>
 <p>We can inspect the levels of the factor using the
@@ -2969,7 +2991,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 <div class="codewrapper">
 <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
-<pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code>[1] male   female female male   female &lt;NA&gt;  
+<pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code>[1] male   female female male   female &lt;NA&gt;
 Levels: male female</code></pre>
 </div>
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb82">
@@ -3053,7 +3075,8 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code>[1] 1990 1983 1977 1998 1990</code></pre>
 </div>
 </div>
-</section><section id="assignment-objects-and-values"><h2 class="section-heading">Assignment, objects, and values<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#assignment-objects-and-values"></a>
+</section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="assignment-objects-and-values">Assignment, objects, and values<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#assignment-objects-and-values"></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#assignment-objects-and-values"></a>
 </h2>
 <hr class="half-width">
 <p>We’ve already created quite a few objects in R using the
@@ -3221,8 +3244,8 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
 </div>
 </section></section><section id="aio-working-with-data"><p>Content from <a href="working-with-data.html">Working with data</a></p>
 <hr>
-<p>Last updated on 2024-07-02 |
-        
+<p>Last updated on 2024-07-08 |
+
         <a href="https://github.com/datacarpentry/R-ecology-lesson-alternative/edit/main/episodes/working-with-data.Rmd" class="external-link">Edit this page <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="edit"></i></a></p>
 <div class="text-end">
           <button role="button" aria-pressed="false" tabindex="0" id="expand-code" class="pull-right" data-expand="Expand All Solutions " data-collapse="Collapse All Solutions "> Expand All Solutions <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="plus"></i></button>
@@ -3266,7 +3289,8 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
 <code class="sourceCode R"><span><span class="kw">library</span><span class="op">(</span><span class="va">tidyverse</span><span class="op">)</span></span></code></pre>
 </div>
-<section id="importing-data"><h2 class="section-heading">Importing data<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#importing-data"></a>
+<section><h2 class="section-heading" id="importing-data">Importing data<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#importing-data"></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#importing-data"></a>
 </h2>
 <hr class="half-width">
 <p>Up until this point, we have been working with the
@@ -3415,7 +3439,8 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Callout<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#ca
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
-</section><section id="manipulating-data"><h2 class="section-heading">Manipulating data<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#manipulating-data"></a>
+</section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="manipulating-data">Manipulating data<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#manipulating-data"></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#manipulating-data"></a>
 </h2>
 <hr class="half-width">
 <p>One of the most important skills for working with data in R is the
@@ -3490,17 +3515,17 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 </h3>
 <pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code># A tibble: 16,878 × 11
    month   day plot_id species_id sex   hindfoot_length weight genus     species
-   &lt;dbl&gt; &lt;dbl&gt;   &lt;dbl&gt; &lt;chr&gt;      &lt;chr&gt;           &lt;dbl&gt;  &lt;dbl&gt; &lt;chr&gt;     &lt;chr&gt;  
+   &lt;dbl&gt; &lt;dbl&gt;   &lt;dbl&gt; &lt;chr&gt;      &lt;chr&gt;           &lt;dbl&gt;  &lt;dbl&gt; &lt;chr&gt;     &lt;chr&gt;
  1     7    16       2 NL         M                  32     NA Neotoma   albigu…
  2     7    16       3 NL         M                  33     NA Neotoma   albigu…
  3     7    16       2 DM         F                  37     NA Dipodomys merria…
  4     7    16       7 DM         M                  36     NA Dipodomys merria…
  5     7    16       3 DM         M                  35     NA Dipodomys merria…
- 6     7    16       1 PF         M                  14     NA Perognat… flavus 
+ 6     7    16       1 PF         M                  14     NA Perognat… flavus
  7     7    16       2 PE         F                  NA     NA Peromysc… eremic…
  8     7    16       1 DM         M                  37     NA Dipodomys merria…
  9     7    16       1 DM         F                  34     NA Dipodomys merria…
-10     7    16       6 PF         F                  20     NA Perognat… flavus 
+10     7    16       6 PF         F                  20     NA Perognat… flavus
 # ℹ 16,868 more rows
 # ℹ 2 more variables: taxa &lt;chr&gt;, plot_type &lt;chr&gt;</code></pre>
 </div>
@@ -3517,17 +3542,17 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code># A tibble: 16,878 × 4
-     day  year plot_id genus      
-   &lt;dbl&gt; &lt;dbl&gt;   &lt;dbl&gt; &lt;chr&gt;      
- 1    16  1977       2 Neotoma    
- 2    16  1977       3 Neotoma    
- 3    16  1977       2 Dipodomys  
- 4    16  1977       7 Dipodomys  
- 5    16  1977       3 Dipodomys  
+     day  year plot_id genus
+   &lt;dbl&gt; &lt;dbl&gt;   &lt;dbl&gt; &lt;chr&gt;
+ 1    16  1977       2 Neotoma
+ 2    16  1977       3 Neotoma
+ 3    16  1977       2 Dipodomys
+ 4    16  1977       7 Dipodomys
+ 5    16  1977       3 Dipodomys
  6    16  1977       1 Perognathus
- 7    16  1977       2 Peromyscus 
- 8    16  1977       1 Dipodomys  
- 9    16  1977       1 Dipodomys  
+ 7    16  1977       2 Peromyscus
+ 8    16  1977       1 Dipodomys
+ 9    16  1977       1 Dipodomys
 10    16  1977       6 Perognathus
 # ℹ 16,868 more rows</code></pre>
 </div>
@@ -3579,8 +3604,8 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code># A tibble: 16,878 × 7
-   species_id sex   hindfoot_length weight genus       species  taxa  
-   &lt;chr&gt;      &lt;chr&gt;           &lt;dbl&gt;  &lt;dbl&gt; &lt;chr&gt;       &lt;chr&gt;    &lt;chr&gt; 
+   species_id sex   hindfoot_length weight genus       species  taxa
+   &lt;chr&gt;      &lt;chr&gt;           &lt;dbl&gt;  &lt;dbl&gt; &lt;chr&gt;       &lt;chr&gt;    &lt;chr&gt;
  1 NL         M                  32     NA Neotoma     albigula Rodent
  2 NL         M                  33     NA Neotoma     albigula Rodent
  3 DM         F                  37     NA Dipodomys   merriami Rodent
@@ -3753,7 +3778,8 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
-</section><section id="the-pipe"><h2 class="section-heading">The pipe: <code>%&gt;%</code><a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#the-pipe"></a>
+</section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="the-pipe">The pipe: <code>%&gt;%</code><a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#the-pipe"></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#the-pipe"></a>
 </h2>
 <hr class="half-width">
 <p>What happens if we want to both <code>select()</code> and
@@ -3769,8 +3795,8 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code># A tibble: 8,244 × 12
-   record_id month  year plot_id species_id sex   hindfoot_length weight genus  
-       &lt;dbl&gt; &lt;dbl&gt; &lt;dbl&gt;   &lt;dbl&gt; &lt;chr&gt;      &lt;chr&gt;           &lt;dbl&gt;  &lt;dbl&gt; &lt;chr&gt;  
+   record_id month  year plot_id species_id sex   hindfoot_length weight genus
+       &lt;dbl&gt; &lt;dbl&gt; &lt;dbl&gt;   &lt;dbl&gt; &lt;chr&gt;      &lt;chr&gt;           &lt;dbl&gt;  &lt;dbl&gt; &lt;chr&gt;
  1         1     7  1977       2 NL         M                  32     NA Neotoma
  2         2     7  1977       3 NL         M                  33     NA Neotoma
  3         3     7  1977       2 DM         F                  37     NA Dipodo…
@@ -3804,8 +3830,8 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code># A tibble: 8,244 × 12
-   record_id month  year plot_id species_id sex   hindfoot_length weight genus  
-       &lt;dbl&gt; &lt;dbl&gt; &lt;dbl&gt;   &lt;dbl&gt; &lt;chr&gt;      &lt;chr&gt;           &lt;dbl&gt;  &lt;dbl&gt; &lt;chr&gt;  
+   record_id month  year plot_id species_id sex   hindfoot_length weight genus
+       &lt;dbl&gt; &lt;dbl&gt; &lt;dbl&gt;   &lt;dbl&gt; &lt;chr&gt;      &lt;chr&gt;           &lt;dbl&gt;  &lt;dbl&gt; &lt;chr&gt;
  1         1     7  1977       2 NL         M                  32     NA Neotoma
  2         2     7  1977       3 NL         M                  33     NA Neotoma
  3         3     7  1977       2 DM         F                  37     NA Dipodo…
@@ -3839,8 +3865,8 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code># A tibble: 8,244 × 12
-   record_id month  year plot_id species_id sex   hindfoot_length weight genus  
-       &lt;dbl&gt; &lt;dbl&gt; &lt;dbl&gt;   &lt;dbl&gt; &lt;chr&gt;      &lt;chr&gt;           &lt;dbl&gt;  &lt;dbl&gt; &lt;chr&gt;  
+   record_id month  year plot_id species_id sex   hindfoot_length weight genus
+       &lt;dbl&gt; &lt;dbl&gt; &lt;dbl&gt;   &lt;dbl&gt; &lt;chr&gt;      &lt;chr&gt;           &lt;dbl&gt;  &lt;dbl&gt; &lt;chr&gt;
  1         1     7  1977       2 NL         M                  32     NA Neotoma
  2         2     7  1977       3 NL         M                  33     NA Neotoma
  3         3     7  1977       2 DM         F                  37     NA Dipodo…
@@ -3921,7 +3947,8 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
-</section><section id="making-new-columns-with-mutate"><h2 class="section-heading">Making new columns with <code>mutate()</code><a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#making-new-columns-with-mutate"></a>
+</section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="making-new-columns-with-mutate">Making new columns with <code>mutate()</code><a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#making-new-columns-with-mutate"></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#making-new-columns-with-mutate"></a>
 </h2>
 <hr class="half-width">
 <p>Another common task is creating a new column based on values in
@@ -4077,18 +4104,18 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code># A tibble: 16,878 × 14
-   record_id month   day  year date       plot_id species_id sex  
+   record_id month   day  year date       plot_id species_id sex
        &lt;dbl&gt; &lt;dbl&gt; &lt;dbl&gt; &lt;dbl&gt; &lt;date&gt;       &lt;dbl&gt; &lt;chr&gt;      &lt;chr&gt;
- 1         1     7    16  1977 1977-07-16       2 NL         M    
- 2         2     7    16  1977 1977-07-16       3 NL         M    
- 3         3     7    16  1977 1977-07-16       2 DM         F    
- 4         4     7    16  1977 1977-07-16       7 DM         M    
- 5         5     7    16  1977 1977-07-16       3 DM         M    
- 6         6     7    16  1977 1977-07-16       1 PF         M    
- 7         7     7    16  1977 1977-07-16       2 PE         F    
- 8         8     7    16  1977 1977-07-16       1 DM         M    
- 9         9     7    16  1977 1977-07-16       1 DM         F    
-10        10     7    16  1977 1977-07-16       6 PF         F    
+ 1         1     7    16  1977 1977-07-16       2 NL         M
+ 2         2     7    16  1977 1977-07-16       3 NL         M
+ 3         3     7    16  1977 1977-07-16       2 DM         F
+ 4         4     7    16  1977 1977-07-16       7 DM         M
+ 5         5     7    16  1977 1977-07-16       3 DM         M
+ 6         6     7    16  1977 1977-07-16       1 PF         M
+ 7         7     7    16  1977 1977-07-16       2 PE         F
+ 8         8     7    16  1977 1977-07-16       1 DM         M
+ 9         9     7    16  1977 1977-07-16       1 DM         F
+10        10     7    16  1977 1977-07-16       6 PF         F
 # ℹ 16,868 more rows
 # ℹ 6 more variables: hindfoot_length &lt;dbl&gt;, weight &lt;dbl&gt;, genus &lt;chr&gt;,
 #   species &lt;chr&gt;, taxa &lt;chr&gt;, plot_type &lt;chr&gt;</code></pre>
@@ -4106,18 +4133,18 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code># A tibble: 16,878 × 14
-   record_id month   day  year date       plot_id species_id sex  
+   record_id month   day  year date       plot_id species_id sex
        &lt;dbl&gt; &lt;dbl&gt; &lt;dbl&gt; &lt;dbl&gt; &lt;date&gt;       &lt;dbl&gt; &lt;chr&gt;      &lt;chr&gt;
- 1         1     7    16  1977 1977-07-16       2 NL         M    
- 2         2     7    16  1977 1977-07-16       3 NL         M    
- 3         3     7    16  1977 1977-07-16       2 DM         F    
- 4         4     7    16  1977 1977-07-16       7 DM         M    
- 5         5     7    16  1977 1977-07-16       3 DM         M    
- 6         6     7    16  1977 1977-07-16       1 PF         M    
- 7         7     7    16  1977 1977-07-16       2 PE         F    
- 8         8     7    16  1977 1977-07-16       1 DM         M    
- 9         9     7    16  1977 1977-07-16       1 DM         F    
-10        10     7    16  1977 1977-07-16       6 PF         F    
+ 1         1     7    16  1977 1977-07-16       2 NL         M
+ 2         2     7    16  1977 1977-07-16       3 NL         M
+ 3         3     7    16  1977 1977-07-16       2 DM         F
+ 4         4     7    16  1977 1977-07-16       7 DM         M
+ 5         5     7    16  1977 1977-07-16       3 DM         M
+ 6         6     7    16  1977 1977-07-16       1 PF         M
+ 7         7     7    16  1977 1977-07-16       2 PE         F
+ 8         8     7    16  1977 1977-07-16       1 DM         M
+ 9         9     7    16  1977 1977-07-16       1 DM         F
+10        10     7    16  1977 1977-07-16       6 PF         F
 # ℹ 16,868 more rows
 # ℹ 6 more variables: hindfoot_length &lt;dbl&gt;, weight &lt;dbl&gt;, genus &lt;chr&gt;,
 #   species &lt;chr&gt;, taxa &lt;chr&gt;, plot_type &lt;chr&gt;</code></pre>
@@ -4140,18 +4167,18 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code># A tibble: 16,878 × 14
-   record_id month   day  year date       plot_id species_id sex  
+   record_id month   day  year date       plot_id species_id sex
        &lt;dbl&gt; &lt;dbl&gt; &lt;dbl&gt; &lt;dbl&gt; &lt;date&gt;       &lt;dbl&gt; &lt;chr&gt;      &lt;chr&gt;
- 1         1     7    16  1977 1977-07-16       2 NL         M    
- 2         2     7    16  1977 1977-07-16       3 NL         M    
- 3         3     7    16  1977 1977-07-16       2 DM         F    
- 4         4     7    16  1977 1977-07-16       7 DM         M    
- 5         5     7    16  1977 1977-07-16       3 DM         M    
- 6         6     7    16  1977 1977-07-16       1 PF         M    
- 7         7     7    16  1977 1977-07-16       2 PE         F    
- 8         8     7    16  1977 1977-07-16       1 DM         M    
- 9         9     7    16  1977 1977-07-16       1 DM         F    
-10        10     7    16  1977 1977-07-16       6 PF         F    
+ 1         1     7    16  1977 1977-07-16       2 NL         M
+ 2         2     7    16  1977 1977-07-16       3 NL         M
+ 3         3     7    16  1977 1977-07-16       2 DM         F
+ 4         4     7    16  1977 1977-07-16       7 DM         M
+ 5         5     7    16  1977 1977-07-16       3 DM         M
+ 6         6     7    16  1977 1977-07-16       1 PF         M
+ 7         7     7    16  1977 1977-07-16       2 PE         F
+ 8         8     7    16  1977 1977-07-16       1 DM         M
+ 9         9     7    16  1977 1977-07-16       1 DM         F
+10        10     7    16  1977 1977-07-16       6 PF         F
 # ℹ 16,868 more rows
 # ℹ 6 more variables: hindfoot_length &lt;dbl&gt;, weight &lt;dbl&gt;, genus &lt;chr&gt;,
 #   species &lt;chr&gt;, taxa &lt;chr&gt;, plot_type &lt;chr&gt;</code></pre>
@@ -4170,18 +4197,18 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code># A tibble: 16,878 × 14
-   record_id month   day  year date       plot_id species_id sex  
+   record_id month   day  year date       plot_id species_id sex
        &lt;dbl&gt; &lt;dbl&gt; &lt;dbl&gt; &lt;dbl&gt; &lt;date&gt;       &lt;dbl&gt; &lt;chr&gt;      &lt;chr&gt;
- 1         1     7    16  1977 1977-07-16       2 NL         M    
- 2         2     7    16  1977 1977-07-16       3 NL         M    
- 3         3     7    16  1977 1977-07-16       2 DM         F    
- 4         4     7    16  1977 1977-07-16       7 DM         M    
- 5         5     7    16  1977 1977-07-16       3 DM         M    
- 6         6     7    16  1977 1977-07-16       1 PF         M    
- 7         7     7    16  1977 1977-07-16       2 PE         F    
- 8         8     7    16  1977 1977-07-16       1 DM         M    
- 9         9     7    16  1977 1977-07-16       1 DM         F    
-10        10     7    16  1977 1977-07-16       6 PF         F    
+ 1         1     7    16  1977 1977-07-16       2 NL         M
+ 2         2     7    16  1977 1977-07-16       3 NL         M
+ 3         3     7    16  1977 1977-07-16       2 DM         F
+ 4         4     7    16  1977 1977-07-16       7 DM         M
+ 5         5     7    16  1977 1977-07-16       3 DM         M
+ 6         6     7    16  1977 1977-07-16       1 PF         M
+ 7         7     7    16  1977 1977-07-16       2 PE         F
+ 8         8     7    16  1977 1977-07-16       1 DM         M
+ 9         9     7    16  1977 1977-07-16       1 DM         F
+10        10     7    16  1977 1977-07-16       6 PF         F
 # ℹ 16,868 more rows
 # ℹ 6 more variables: hindfoot_length &lt;dbl&gt;, weight &lt;dbl&gt;, genus &lt;chr&gt;,
 #   species &lt;chr&gt;, taxa &lt;chr&gt;, plot_type &lt;chr&gt;</code></pre>
@@ -4229,7 +4256,8 @@ <h3 class="code-label">WARNING<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left">
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
-</section><section id="the-split-apply-combine-approach"><h2 class="section-heading">The split-apply-combine approach<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#the-split-apply-combine-approach"></a>
+</section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="the-split-apply-combine-approach">The split-apply-combine approach<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#the-split-apply-combine-approach"></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#the-split-apply-combine-approach"></a>
 </h2>
 <hr class="half-width">
 <p>Many data analysis tasks can be achieved using the
@@ -4602,15 +4630,15 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 # Groups:   species_id, sex [46]
    species_id sex   weight mean_weight weight_diff
    &lt;chr&gt;      &lt;chr&gt;  &lt;dbl&gt;       &lt;dbl&gt;       &lt;dbl&gt;
- 1 DM         M         40       44.0      -4.00  
- 2 DM         M         48       44.0       4.00  
- 3 DM         F         29       40.7     -11.7   
- 4 DM         F         46       40.7       5.28  
- 5 DM         M         36       44.0      -8.00  
- 6 DO         F         52       48.4       3.63  
- 7 PF         M          8        7.10      0.902 
- 8 OX         F         22       21         1     
- 9 DM         F         35       40.7      -5.72  
+ 1 DM         M         40       44.0      -4.00
+ 2 DM         M         48       44.0       4.00
+ 3 DM         F         29       40.7     -11.7
+ 4 DM         F         46       40.7       5.28
+ 5 DM         M         36       44.0      -8.00
+ 6 DO         F         52       48.4       3.63
+ 7 PF         M          8        7.10      0.902
+ 8 OX         F         22       21         1
+ 9 DM         F         35       40.7      -5.72
 10 PF         M          7        7.10     -0.0980
 # ℹ 15,176 more rows</code></pre>
 </div>
@@ -4710,7 +4738,8 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
-</section><section id="reshaping-data-with-tidyr"><h2 class="section-heading">Reshaping data with <code>tidyr</code><a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#reshaping-data-with-tidyr"></a>
+</section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="reshaping-data-with-tidyr">Reshaping data with <code>tidyr</code><a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#reshaping-data-with-tidyr"></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#reshaping-data-with-tidyr"></a>
 </h2>
 <hr class="half-width">
 <p>Let’s say we are interested in comparing the mean weights of each
@@ -4745,7 +4774,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 # Groups:   species_id [18]
    species_id plot_id mean_weight
    &lt;chr&gt;        &lt;dbl&gt;       &lt;dbl&gt;
- 1 BA               3         8  
+ 1 BA               3         8
  2 BA              21         6.5
  3 DM               1        42.7
  4 DM               2        42.6
@@ -4802,24 +4831,24 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 # Groups:   species_id [18]
    species_id    `3`   `21`    `1`    `2`    `4`   `5`    `6`   `7`    `8`
    &lt;chr&gt;       &lt;dbl&gt;  &lt;dbl&gt;  &lt;dbl&gt;  &lt;dbl&gt;  &lt;dbl&gt; &lt;dbl&gt;  &lt;dbl&gt; &lt;dbl&gt;  &lt;dbl&gt;
- 1 BA           8      6.5   NA     NA     NA     NA    NA     NA    NA   
- 2 DM          41.2   41.5   42.7   42.6   41.9   42.6  42.1   43.2  43.4 
- 3 DO          42.7   NA     50.1   50.3   46.8   50.4  49.0   52    49.2 
- 4 DS         128.    NA    129.   125.   118.   111.  114.   126.  128.  
- 5 NL         171.   136.   154.   171.   164.   192.  176.   170.  134.  
- 6 OL          32.1   28.6   35.5   34     33.0   32.6  31.8   NA    30.3 
- 7 OT          24.1   24.1   23.7   24.9   26.5   23.6  23.5   22    24.1 
- 8 OX          22     NA     NA     22     NA     20    NA     NA    NA   
- 9 PE          22.7   19.6   21.6   22.0   NA     21    21.6   22.8  19.4 
+ 1 BA           8      6.5   NA     NA     NA     NA    NA     NA    NA
+ 2 DM          41.2   41.5   42.7   42.6   41.9   42.6  42.1   43.2  43.4
+ 3 DO          42.7   NA     50.1   50.3   46.8   50.4  49.0   52    49.2
+ 4 DS         128.    NA    129.   125.   118.   111.  114.   126.  128.
+ 5 NL         171.   136.   154.   171.   164.   192.  176.   170.  134.
+ 6 OL          32.1   28.6   35.5   34     33.0   32.6  31.8   NA    30.3
+ 7 OT          24.1   24.1   23.7   24.9   26.5   23.6  23.5   22    24.1
+ 8 OX          22     NA     NA     22     NA     20    NA     NA    NA
+ 9 PE          22.7   19.6   21.6   22.0   NA     21    21.6   22.8  19.4
 10 PF           7.12   7.23   6.57   6.89   6.75   7.5   7.54   7     6.78
-11 PH          28     31     NA     NA     NA     29    NA     NA    NA   
-12 PM          20.1   23.6   23.7   23.9   NA     23.7  22.3   23.4  23   
-13 PP          17.1   13.6   14.3   16.4   14.8   19.8  16.8   NA    13.9 
-14 RF          14.8   17     NA     16     NA     14    12.1   13    NA   
-15 RM          10.3    9.89  10.9   10.6   10.4   10.8  10.6   10.7   9   
-16 SF          NA     49     NA     NA     NA     NA    NA     NA    NA   
-17 SH          76.0   79.9   NA     88     NA     82.7  NA     NA    NA   
-18 SS          NA     NA     NA     NA     NA     NA    NA     NA    NA   
+11 PH          28     31     NA     NA     NA     29    NA     NA    NA
+12 PM          20.1   23.6   23.7   23.9   NA     23.7  22.3   23.4  23
+13 PP          17.1   13.6   14.3   16.4   14.8   19.8  16.8   NA    13.9
+14 RF          14.8   17     NA     16     NA     14    12.1   13    NA
+15 RM          10.3    9.89  10.9   10.6   10.4   10.8  10.6   10.7   9
+16 SF          NA     49     NA     NA     NA     NA    NA     NA    NA
+17 SH          76.0   79.9   NA     88     NA     82.7  NA     NA    NA
+18 SS          NA     NA     NA     NA     NA     NA    NA     NA    NA
 # ℹ 15 more variables: `9` &lt;dbl&gt;, `10` &lt;dbl&gt;, `11` &lt;dbl&gt;, `12` &lt;dbl&gt;,
 #   `13` &lt;dbl&gt;, `14` &lt;dbl&gt;, `15` &lt;dbl&gt;, `16` &lt;dbl&gt;, `17` &lt;dbl&gt;, `18` &lt;dbl&gt;,
 #   `19` &lt;dbl&gt;, `20` &lt;dbl&gt;, `22` &lt;dbl&gt;, `23` &lt;dbl&gt;, `24` &lt;dbl&gt;</code></pre>
@@ -4888,16 +4917,16 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 # Groups:   species_id [18]
    species_id PLOT  MEAN_WT
    &lt;chr&gt;      &lt;chr&gt;   &lt;dbl&gt;
- 1 BA         3         8  
+ 1 BA         3         8
  2 BA         21        6.5
- 3 BA         1        NA  
- 4 BA         2        NA  
- 5 BA         4        NA  
- 6 BA         5        NA  
- 7 BA         6        NA  
- 8 BA         7        NA  
- 9 BA         8        NA  
-10 BA         9        NA  
+ 3 BA         1        NA
+ 4 BA         2        NA
+ 5 BA         4        NA
+ 6 BA         5        NA
+ 7 BA         6        NA
+ 8 BA         7        NA
+ 9 BA         8        NA
+10 BA         9        NA
 # ℹ 422 more rows</code></pre>
 </div>
 <p>One thing you will notice is that all those <code>NA</code> values
@@ -4919,7 +4948,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 # Groups:   species_id [18]
    species_id PLOT  MEAN_WT
    &lt;chr&gt;      &lt;chr&gt;   &lt;dbl&gt;
- 1 BA         3         8  
+ 1 BA         3         8
  2 BA         21        6.5
  3 DM         3        41.2
  4 DM         21       41.5
@@ -4935,7 +4964,8 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 of <code>tidyverse</code> tools, especially <code>ggplot2</code>, like
 data in a longer format, so <code>pivot_longer()</code> is often very
 useful.</p>
-</section><section id="exporting-data"><h2 class="section-heading">Exporting data<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#exporting-data"></a>
+</section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="exporting-data">Exporting data<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#exporting-data"></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#exporting-data"></a>
 </h2>
 <hr class="half-width">
 <p>Let’s say we want to send the wide version of our
@@ -4960,24 +4990,24 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 # Groups:   species_id [18]
    species_id plot_3 plot_21 plot_1 plot_2 plot_4 plot_5 plot_6 plot_7 plot_8
    &lt;chr&gt;       &lt;dbl&gt;   &lt;dbl&gt;  &lt;dbl&gt;  &lt;dbl&gt;  &lt;dbl&gt;  &lt;dbl&gt;  &lt;dbl&gt;  &lt;dbl&gt;  &lt;dbl&gt;
- 1 BA           8       6.5   NA     NA     NA      NA    NA      NA    NA   
- 2 DM          41.2    41.5   42.7   42.6   41.9    42.6  42.1    43.2  43.4 
- 3 DO          42.7    NA     50.1   50.3   46.8    50.4  49.0    52    49.2 
- 4 DS         128.     NA    129.   125.   118.    111.  114.    126.  128.  
- 5 NL         171.    136.   154.   171.   164.    192.  176.    170.  134.  
- 6 OL          32.1    28.6   35.5   34     33.0    32.6  31.8    NA    30.3 
- 7 OT          24.1    24.1   23.7   24.9   26.5    23.6  23.5    22    24.1 
- 8 OX          22      NA     NA     22     NA      20    NA      NA    NA   
- 9 PE          22.7    19.6   21.6   22.0   NA      21    21.6    22.8  19.4 
+ 1 BA           8       6.5   NA     NA     NA      NA    NA      NA    NA
+ 2 DM          41.2    41.5   42.7   42.6   41.9    42.6  42.1    43.2  43.4
+ 3 DO          42.7    NA     50.1   50.3   46.8    50.4  49.0    52    49.2
+ 4 DS         128.     NA    129.   125.   118.    111.  114.    126.  128.
+ 5 NL         171.    136.   154.   171.   164.    192.  176.    170.  134.
+ 6 OL          32.1    28.6   35.5   34     33.0    32.6  31.8    NA    30.3
+ 7 OT          24.1    24.1   23.7   24.9   26.5    23.6  23.5    22    24.1
+ 8 OX          22      NA     NA     22     NA      20    NA      NA    NA
+ 9 PE          22.7    19.6   21.6   22.0   NA      21    21.6    22.8  19.4
 10 PF           7.12    7.23   6.57   6.89   6.75    7.5   7.54    7     6.78
-11 PH          28      31     NA     NA     NA      29    NA      NA    NA   
-12 PM          20.1    23.6   23.7   23.9   NA      23.7  22.3    23.4  23   
-13 PP          17.1    13.6   14.3   16.4   14.8    19.8  16.8    NA    13.9 
-14 RF          14.8    17     NA     16     NA      14    12.1    13    NA   
-15 RM          10.3     9.89  10.9   10.6   10.4    10.8  10.6    10.7   9   
-16 SF          NA      49     NA     NA     NA      NA    NA      NA    NA   
-17 SH          76.0    79.9   NA     88     NA      82.7  NA      NA    NA   
-18 SS          NA      NA     NA     NA     NA      NA    NA      NA    NA   
+11 PH          28      31     NA     NA     NA      29    NA      NA    NA
+12 PM          20.1    23.6   23.7   23.9   NA      23.7  22.3    23.4  23
+13 PP          17.1    13.6   14.3   16.4   14.8    19.8  16.8    NA    13.9
+14 RF          14.8    17     NA     16     NA      14    12.1    13    NA
+15 RM          10.3     9.89  10.9   10.6   10.4    10.8  10.6    10.7   9
+16 SF          NA      49     NA     NA     NA      NA    NA      NA    NA
+17 SH          76.0    79.9   NA     88     NA      82.7  NA      NA    NA
+18 SS          NA      NA     NA     NA     NA      NA    NA      NA    NA
 # ℹ 15 more variables: plot_9 &lt;dbl&gt;, plot_10 &lt;dbl&gt;, plot_11 &lt;dbl&gt;,
 #   plot_12 &lt;dbl&gt;, plot_13 &lt;dbl&gt;, plot_14 &lt;dbl&gt;, plot_15 &lt;dbl&gt;, plot_16 &lt;dbl&gt;,
 #   plot_17 &lt;dbl&gt;, plot_18 &lt;dbl&gt;, plot_19 &lt;dbl&gt;, plot_20 &lt;dbl&gt;, plot_22 &lt;dbl&gt;,
@@ -5001,24 +5031,24 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 # Groups:   species_id [18]
    species_id plot_3 plot_21 plot_1 plot_2 plot_4 plot_5 plot_6 plot_7 plot_8
    &lt;chr&gt;       &lt;dbl&gt;   &lt;dbl&gt;  &lt;dbl&gt;  &lt;dbl&gt;  &lt;dbl&gt;  &lt;dbl&gt;  &lt;dbl&gt;  &lt;dbl&gt;  &lt;dbl&gt;
- 1 BA           8       6.5   NA     NA     NA      NA    NA      NA    NA   
- 2 DM          41.2    41.5   42.7   42.6   41.9    42.6  42.1    43.2  43.4 
- 3 DO          42.7    NA     50.1   50.3   46.8    50.4  49.0    52    49.2 
- 4 DS         128.     NA    129.   125.   118.    111.  114.    126.  128.  
- 5 NL         171.    136.   154.   171.   164.    192.  176.    170.  134.  
- 6 OL          32.1    28.6   35.5   34     33.0    32.6  31.8    NA    30.3 
- 7 OT          24.1    24.1   23.7   24.9   26.5    23.6  23.5    22    24.1 
- 8 OX          22      NA     NA     22     NA      20    NA      NA    NA   
- 9 PE          22.7    19.6   21.6   22.0   NA      21    21.6    22.8  19.4 
+ 1 BA           8       6.5   NA     NA     NA      NA    NA      NA    NA
+ 2 DM          41.2    41.5   42.7   42.6   41.9    42.6  42.1    43.2  43.4
+ 3 DO          42.7    NA     50.1   50.3   46.8    50.4  49.0    52    49.2
+ 4 DS         128.     NA    129.   125.   118.    111.  114.    126.  128.
+ 5 NL         171.    136.   154.   171.   164.    192.  176.    170.  134.
+ 6 OL          32.1    28.6   35.5   34     33.0    32.6  31.8    NA    30.3
+ 7 OT          24.1    24.1   23.7   24.9   26.5    23.6  23.5    22    24.1
+ 8 OX          22      NA     NA     22     NA      20    NA      NA    NA
+ 9 PE          22.7    19.6   21.6   22.0   NA      21    21.6    22.8  19.4
 10 PF           7.12    7.23   6.57   6.89   6.75    7.5   7.54    7     6.78
-11 PH          28      31     NA     NA     NA      29    NA      NA    NA   
-12 PM          20.1    23.6   23.7   23.9   NA      23.7  22.3    23.4  23   
-13 PP          17.1    13.6   14.3   16.4   14.8    19.8  16.8    NA    13.9 
-14 RF          14.8    17     NA     16     NA      14    12.1    13    NA   
-15 RM          10.3     9.89  10.9   10.6   10.4    10.8  10.6    10.7   9   
-16 SF          NA      49     NA     NA     NA      NA    NA      NA    NA   
-17 SH          76.0    79.9   NA     88     NA      82.7  NA      NA    NA   
-18 SS          NA      NA     NA     NA     NA      NA    NA      NA    NA   
+11 PH          28      31     NA     NA     NA      29    NA      NA    NA
+12 PM          20.1    23.6   23.7   23.9   NA      23.7  22.3    23.4  23
+13 PP          17.1    13.6   14.3   16.4   14.8    19.8  16.8    NA    13.9
+14 RF          14.8    17     NA     16     NA      14    12.1    13    NA
+15 RM          10.3     9.89  10.9   10.6   10.4    10.8  10.6    10.7   9
+16 SF          NA      49     NA     NA     NA      NA    NA      NA    NA
+17 SH          76.0    79.9   NA     88     NA      82.7  NA      NA    NA
+18 SS          NA      NA     NA     NA     NA      NA    NA      NA    NA
 # ℹ 15 more variables: plot_9 &lt;dbl&gt;, plot_10 &lt;dbl&gt;, plot_11 &lt;dbl&gt;,
 #   plot_12 &lt;dbl&gt;, plot_13 &lt;dbl&gt;, plot_14 &lt;dbl&gt;, plot_15 &lt;dbl&gt;, plot_16 &lt;dbl&gt;,
 #   plot_17 &lt;dbl&gt;, plot_18 &lt;dbl&gt;, plot_19 &lt;dbl&gt;, plot_20 &lt;dbl&gt;, plot_22 &lt;dbl&gt;,
@@ -5076,18 +5106,18 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
 <div class="col-md-6">
         <p>This lesson is subject to the <a href="CODE_OF_CONDUCT.html">Code of Conduct</a></p>
         <p>
-        
+
         <a href="https://github.com/datacarpentry/R-ecology-lesson-alternative/edit/main/README.md" class="external-link">Edit on GitHub</a>
-        
+
 	
         | <a href="https://github.com/datacarpentry/R-ecology-lesson-alternative/blob/main/CONTRIBUTING.md" class="external-link">Contributing</a>
         | <a href="https://github.com/datacarpentry/R-ecology-lesson-alternative/" class="external-link">Source</a></p>
 				<p><a href="https://github.com/datacarpentry/R-ecology-lesson-alternative/blob/main/CITATION" class="external-link">Cite</a> | <a href="mailto:team@carpentries.org">Contact</a> | <a href="https://carpentries.org/about/" class="external-link">About</a></p>
 			</div>
 			<div class="col-md-6">
-        
+
         <p>Materials licensed under <a href="LICENSE.html">CC-BY 4.0</a> by the authors</p>
-        
+
         <p>Template licensed under <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/" class="external-link">CC-BY 4.0</a> by <a href="https://carpentries.org/" class="external-link">The Carpentries</a></p>
         <p>Built with <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/sandpaper/tree/0.16.5" class="external-link">sandpaper (0.16.5)</a>, <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/pegboard/tree/0.7.6" class="external-link">pegboard (0.7.6)</a>, and <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/varnish/tree/1.0.3" class="external-link">varnish (1.0.3)</a></p>
 			</div>
@@ -5112,8 +5142,8 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
   "url": "https://datacarpentry.github.io/R-ecology-lesson-alternative/aio.html",
   "identifier": "https://datacarpentry.github.io/R-ecology-lesson-alternative/aio.html",
   "dateCreated": "2015-04-02",
-  "dateModified": "2024-07-02",
-  "datePublished": "2024-07-02"
+  "dateModified": "2024-07-08",
+  "datePublished": "2024-07-08"
 }
 
   </script><script>
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index 054409ef..de339c72 100644
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diff --git a/fig/working-with-data-rendered-date-plot-challenge-answer-1.png b/fig/working-with-data-rendered-date-plot-challenge-answer-1.png
index 654dc969..522870fe 100644
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diff --git a/how-r-thinks-about-data.html b/how-r-thinks-about-data.html
index 30db8f75..1b9d78b4 100644
--- a/how-r-thinks-about-data.html
+++ b/how-r-thinks-about-data.html
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@
             </li>
           </ul></li>
       </div>
-      
+
       <div class="dropdown" id="instructor-dropdown">
         <button class="btn btn-secondary dropdown-toggle bordered-button" type="button" id="dropdownMenu1" data-bs-toggle="dropdown" aria-expanded="false">
           <i aria-hidden="true" class="icon" data-feather="eye"></i> Learner View <i data-feather="chevron-down"></i>
@@ -170,7 +170,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header" id="flush-headingNine">
                 </div><!--/div.accordion-flush-->
               </div><!--div.sidenav-view-selector -->
             </div><!--/div.col -->
-      
+
             <hr></div><!--/div.mobile-row -->
 
           <div class="accordion accordion-flush" id="accordionFlush11">
@@ -189,7 +189,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
     <div class="accordion-header" id="flush-heading1">
         <a href="index.html">Summary and Setup</a>
     </div><!--/div.accordion-header-->
-        
+
   </div><!--/div.accordion-item-->
 </div><!--/div.accordion-flush-->
 
@@ -198,7 +198,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
     <div class="accordion-header" id="flush-heading2">
         <a href="introduction-r-rstudio.html">1. Introduction to R and RStudio</a>
     </div><!--/div.accordion-header-->
-        
+
   </div><!--/div.accordion-item-->
 </div><!--/div.accordion-flush-->
 
@@ -207,7 +207,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
     <div class="accordion-header" id="flush-heading3">
         <a href="visualizing-ggplot.html">2. Data visualization with ggplot2</a>
     </div><!--/div.accordion-header-->
-        
+
   </div><!--/div.accordion-item-->
 </div><!--/div.accordion-flush-->
 
@@ -221,7 +221,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
         </span>
       </button>
     </div><!--/div.accordion-header-->
-        
+
     <div id="flush-collapsecurrent" class="accordion-collapse collapse show" aria-labelledby="flush-headingcurrent" data-bs-parent="#accordionFlushcurrent">
       <div class="accordion-body">
         <ul><li><a href="#setup">Setup</a></li>
@@ -233,7 +233,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
 <li><a href="#assignment-objects-and-values">Assignment, objects, and values</a></li>
         </ul></div><!--/div.accordion-body-->
     </div><!--/div.accordion-collapse-->
-        
+
   </div><!--/div.accordion-item-->
 </div><!--/div.accordion-flush-->
 
@@ -242,7 +242,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
     <div class="accordion-header" id="flush-heading5">
         <a href="working-with-data.html">4. Working with data</a>
     </div><!--/div.accordion-header-->
-        
+
   </div><!--/div.accordion-item-->
 </div><!--/div.accordion-flush-->
 
@@ -274,10 +274,10 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header" id="flush-headingTwelve">
               </div>
             </div>
             <hr class="half-width resources"><a href="aio.html">See all in one page</a>
-            
+
 
             <hr class="d-none d-sm-block d-md-none"><div class="d-grid gap-1">
-            
+
             </div>
           </div><!-- /div.accordion -->
         </div><!-- /div.sidebar-inner -->
@@ -298,18 +298,18 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header" id="flush-headingTwelve">
           Previous: Data visualization
         </a>
         <a class="chapter-link float-end" href="working-with-data.html" rel="next">
-          Next: Working with data... 
+          Next: Working with data...
           <i aria-hidden="true" class="small-arrow" data-feather="arrow-right"></i>
         </a>
       </div>
       <hr></nav><main id="main-content" class="main-content"><div class="container lesson-content">
         <h1>Exploring and understanding data</h1>
-        <p>Last updated on 2024-07-02 |
-        
+        <p>Last updated on 2024-07-08 |
+
         <a href="https://github.com/datacarpentry/R-ecology-lesson-alternative/edit/main/episodes/how-r-thinks-about-data.Rmd" class="external-link">Edit this page <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="edit"></i></a></p>
-        
-        
-        
+
+
+
         <div class="text-end">
           <button role="button" aria-pressed="false" tabindex="0" id="expand-code" class="pull-right" data-expand="Expand All Solutions " data-collapse="Collapse All Solutions "> Expand All Solutions <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="plus"></i></button>
         </div>
@@ -341,8 +341,8 @@ <h3 class="card-title">Objectives</h3>
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
-<section id="setup"><h2 class="section-heading">Setup<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#setup"></a>
-</h2>
+<section><h2 class="section-heading" id="setup">Setup<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#setup"></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#setup"></a></h2>
 <hr class="half-width"><div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb1">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
@@ -350,8 +350,8 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 <code class="sourceCode R"><span><span class="kw">library</span><span class="op">(</span><span class="va">tidyverse</span><span class="op">)</span></span>
 <span><span class="kw">library</span><span class="op">(</span><span class="va">ratdat</span><span class="op">)</span></span></code></pre>
 </div>
-</section><section id="the-data.frame"><h2 class="section-heading">The data.frame<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#the-data.frame"></a>
-</h2>
+</section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="the-data-frame">The data.frame<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#the-data.frame"></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#the-data-frame"></a></h2>
 <hr class="half-width"><p>We just spent quite a bit of time learning how to create
 visualizations from the <code>complete_old</code> data, but we did not
 talk much about <strong>what</strong> this <code>complete_old</code>
@@ -577,29 +577,29 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 <div class="codewrapper">
 <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
-<pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code>   record_id         month             day            year         plot_id     
- Min.   :    1   Min.   : 1.000   Min.   : 1.0   Min.   :1977   Min.   : 1.00  
- 1st Qu.: 4220   1st Qu.: 3.000   1st Qu.: 9.0   1st Qu.:1981   1st Qu.: 5.00  
- Median : 8440   Median : 6.000   Median :15.0   Median :1983   Median :11.00  
- Mean   : 8440   Mean   : 6.382   Mean   :15.6   Mean   :1984   Mean   :11.47  
- 3rd Qu.:12659   3rd Qu.: 9.000   3rd Qu.:23.0   3rd Qu.:1987   3rd Qu.:17.00  
- Max.   :16878   Max.   :12.000   Max.   :31.0   Max.   :1989   Max.   :24.00  
-                                                                               
-  species_id            sex            hindfoot_length     weight      
- Length:16878       Length:16878       Min.   : 6.00   Min.   :  4.00  
- Class :character   Class :character   1st Qu.:21.00   1st Qu.: 24.00  
- Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Median :35.00   Median : 42.00  
-                                       Mean   :31.98   Mean   : 53.22  
-                                       3rd Qu.:37.00   3rd Qu.: 53.00  
-                                       Max.   :70.00   Max.   :278.00  
-                                       NA's   :2733    NA's   :1692    
-    genus             species              taxa            plot_type        
- Length:16878       Length:16878       Length:16878       Length:16878      
- Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  
- Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  
-                                                                            
-                                                                            
-                                                                            
+<pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code>   record_id         month             day            year         plot_id
+ Min.   :    1   Min.   : 1.000   Min.   : 1.0   Min.   :1977   Min.   : 1.00
+ 1st Qu.: 4220   1st Qu.: 3.000   1st Qu.: 9.0   1st Qu.:1981   1st Qu.: 5.00
+ Median : 8440   Median : 6.000   Median :15.0   Median :1983   Median :11.00
+ Mean   : 8440   Mean   : 6.382   Mean   :15.6   Mean   :1984   Mean   :11.47
+ 3rd Qu.:12659   3rd Qu.: 9.000   3rd Qu.:23.0   3rd Qu.:1987   3rd Qu.:17.00
+ Max.   :16878   Max.   :12.000   Max.   :31.0   Max.   :1989   Max.   :24.00
+
+  species_id            sex            hindfoot_length     weight
+ Length:16878       Length:16878       Min.   : 6.00   Min.   :  4.00
+ Class :character   Class :character   1st Qu.:21.00   1st Qu.: 24.00
+ Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Median :35.00   Median : 42.00
+                                       Mean   :31.98   Mean   : 53.22
+                                       3rd Qu.:37.00   3rd Qu.: 53.00
+                                       Max.   :70.00   Max.   :278.00
+                                       NA's   :2733    NA's   :1692
+    genus             species              taxa            plot_type
+ Length:16878       Length:16878       Length:16878       Length:16878
+ Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character
+ Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character
+
+
+
                                                                             </code></pre>
 </div>
 <p>And, as we have already done, we can use <code>str()</code> to look
@@ -663,8 +663,8 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 </div>
 <p>What we get back is a whole bunch of numbers, the entries in the
 <code>year</code> column printed out in order.</p>
-</section><section id="vectors-the-building-block-of-data"><h2 class="section-heading">Vectors: the building block of data<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#vectors-the-building-block-of-data"></a>
-</h2>
+</section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="vectors-the-building-block-of-data">Vectors: the building block of data<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#vectors-the-building-block-of-data"></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#vectors-the-building-block-of-data"></a></h2>
 <hr class="half-width"><p>You might have noticed that our last result looked different from
 when we printed out the <code>complete_old</code> data.frame itself.
 That’s because it is not a data.frame, it is a <strong>vector</strong>.
@@ -953,8 +953,8 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution3"> Show me the solution </h4>
 It is a good idea to check the <code>class()</code> of your results
 frequently, particularly if you are running into confusing error
 messages.</p>
-</section><section id="missing-data"><h2 class="section-heading">Missing data<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#missing-data"></a>
-</h2>
+</section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="missing-data">Missing data<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#missing-data"></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#missing-data"></a></h2>
 <hr class="half-width"><p>One of the great things about R is how it handles missing data, which
 can be tricky in other programming languages. R represents missing data
 as <code>NA</code>, without quotes, in vectors of any type. Let’s make a
@@ -994,8 +994,8 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 </h3>
 <pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code>[1] 12</code></pre>
 </div>
-</section><section id="vectors-as-arguments"><h2 class="section-heading">Vectors as arguments<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#vectors-as-arguments"></a>
-</h2>
+</section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="vectors-as-arguments">Vectors as arguments<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#vectors-as-arguments"></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#vectors-as-arguments"></a></h2>
 <hr class="half-width"><p>A common reason to create a vector from scratch is to use in a
 function argument. The <code>quantile()</code> function will calculate a
 quantile for a given vector of numeric values. We set the quantile using
@@ -1011,7 +1011,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 <div class="codewrapper">
 <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
-<pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code>25% 
+<pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code>25%
  24 </code></pre>
 </div>
 <p>Now we get back the 25% quantile value for weights. However, we often
@@ -1028,7 +1028,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 <div class="codewrapper">
 <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
-<pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code>25% 50% 75% 
+<pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code>25% 50% 75%
  24  42  53 </code></pre>
 </div>
 <p>While the <code>c()</code> function is very flexible, it doesn’t
@@ -1235,17 +1235,17 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 <div class="codewrapper">
 <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
-<pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code>  0%   5%  10%  15%  20%  25%  30%  35%  40%  45%  50%  55%  60%  65%  70%  75% 
-   6   16   17   19   20   21   22   31   33   34   35   35   36   36   36   37 
- 80%  85%  90%  95% 100% 
+<pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code>  0%   5%  10%  15%  20%  25%  30%  35%  40%  45%  50%  55%  60%  65%  70%  75%
+   6   16   17   19   20   21   22   31   33   34   35   35   36   36   36   37
+ 80%  85%  90%  95% 100%
   37   39   49   51   70 </code></pre>
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
-</section><section id="building-with-vectors"><h2 class="section-heading">Building with vectors<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#building-with-vectors"></a>
-</h2>
+</section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="building-with-vectors">Building with vectors<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#building-with-vectors"></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#building-with-vectors"></a></h2>
 <hr class="half-width"><p>We have now seen vectors in a few different forms: as columns in a
 data.frame and as single vectors. However, they can be manipulated into
 lots of other shapes and forms. Some other common forms are:</p>
@@ -1289,7 +1289,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 <div class="codewrapper">
 <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
-<pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code>[1] male   female female male   female &lt;NA&gt;  
+<pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code>[1] male   female female male   female &lt;NA&gt;
 Levels: female male</code></pre>
 </div>
 <p>We can inspect the levels of the factor using the
@@ -1321,7 +1321,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 <div class="codewrapper">
 <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
-<pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code>[1] male   female female male   female &lt;NA&gt;  
+<pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code>[1] male   female female male   female &lt;NA&gt;
 Levels: male female</code></pre>
 </div>
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb82">
@@ -1403,8 +1403,8 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code>[1] 1990 1983 1977 1998 1990</code></pre>
 </div>
 </div>
-</section><section id="assignment-objects-and-values"><h2 class="section-heading">Assignment, objects, and values<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#assignment-objects-and-values"></a>
-</h2>
+</section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="assignment-objects-and-values">Assignment, objects, and values<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#assignment-objects-and-values"></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#assignment-objects-and-values"></a></h2>
 <hr class="half-width"><p>We’ve already created quite a few objects in R using the
 <code>&lt;-</code> assignment arrow, but there are a few finer details
 worth talking about. First, let’s start with a quick challenge.</p>
@@ -1572,7 +1572,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
           Previous: Data visualization
         </a>
         <a class="chapter-link float-end" href="working-with-data.html" rel="next">
-          Next: Working with data... 
+          Next: Working with data...
           <i aria-hidden="true" class="small-arrow" data-feather="arrow-right"></i>
         </a>
       </div>
@@ -1583,18 +1583,18 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
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         <p>This lesson is subject to the <a href="CODE_OF_CONDUCT.html">Code of Conduct</a></p>
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-        
+
 	
         | <a href="https://github.com/datacarpentry/R-ecology-lesson-alternative/blob/main/CONTRIBUTING.md" class="external-link">Contributing</a>
         | <a href="https://github.com/datacarpentry/R-ecology-lesson-alternative/" class="external-link">Source</a></p>
 				<p><a href="https://github.com/datacarpentry/R-ecology-lesson-alternative/blob/main/CITATION" class="external-link">Cite</a> | <a href="mailto:team@carpentries.org">Contact</a> | <a href="https://carpentries.org/about/" class="external-link">About</a></p>
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+
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-        
+
         <p>Template licensed under <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/" class="external-link">CC-BY 4.0</a> by <a href="https://carpentries.org/" class="external-link">The Carpentries</a></p>
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@@ -1618,8 +1618,8 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
   "url": "https://datacarpentry.github.io/R-ecology-lesson-alternative/how-r-thinks-about-data.html",
   "identifier": "https://datacarpentry.github.io/R-ecology-lesson-alternative/how-r-thinks-about-data.html",
   "dateCreated": "2015-04-02",
-  "dateModified": "2024-07-02",
-  "datePublished": "2024-07-02"
+  "dateModified": "2024-07-08",
+  "datePublished": "2024-07-08"
 }
 
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diff --git a/images.html b/images.html
index fd02e347..48f62410 100644
--- a/images.html
+++ b/images.html
@@ -65,7 +65,7 @@
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+
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@@ -203,7 +203,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header" id="flush-headingNine">
 <!--div.sidenav-view-selector -->
             </div>
 <!--/div.col -->
-      
+
             <hr>
 </div>
 <!--/div.mobile-row -->
@@ -225,7 +225,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
         <a href="index.html">Summary and Setup</a>
     </div>
 <!--/div.accordion-header-->
-        
+
   </div>
 <!--/div.accordion-item-->
 </div>
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         <a href="introduction-r-rstudio.html">1. Introduction to R and RStudio</a>
     </div>
 <!--/div.accordion-header-->
-        
+
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 <!--/div.accordion-item-->
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@@ -249,7 +249,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
         <a href="visualizing-ggplot.html">2. Data visualization with ggplot2</a>
     </div>
 <!--/div.accordion-header-->
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+
   </div>
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     </div>
 <!--/div.accordion-header-->
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+
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         <a href="working-with-data.html">4. Working with data</a>
     </div>
 <!--/div.accordion-header-->
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+
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             <hr class="half-width resources">
 <a href="aio.html">See all in one page</a>
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+
 
             <hr class="d-none d-sm-block d-md-none">
 <div class="d-grid gap-1">
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+
             </div>
           </div>
 <!-- /div.accordion -->
@@ -432,18 +432,18 @@ <h3 id="working-with-data-figure-4">Figure 4</h3>
 <div class="col-md-6">
         <p>This lesson is subject to the <a href="CODE_OF_CONDUCT.html">Code of Conduct</a></p>
         <p>
-        
+
         <a href="https://github.com/datacarpentry/R-ecology-lesson-alternative/edit/main/README.md" class="external-link">Edit on GitHub</a>
-        
+
 	
         | <a href="https://github.com/datacarpentry/R-ecology-lesson-alternative/blob/main/CONTRIBUTING.md" class="external-link">Contributing</a>
         | <a href="https://github.com/datacarpentry/R-ecology-lesson-alternative/" class="external-link">Source</a></p>
 				<p><a href="https://github.com/datacarpentry/R-ecology-lesson-alternative/blob/main/CITATION" class="external-link">Cite</a> | <a href="mailto:team@carpentries.org">Contact</a> | <a href="https://carpentries.org/about/" class="external-link">About</a></p>
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 			<div class="col-md-6">
-        
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         <p>Materials licensed under <a href="LICENSE.html">CC-BY 4.0</a> by the authors</p>
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         <p>Built with <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/sandpaper/tree/0.16.5" class="external-link">sandpaper (0.16.5)</a>, <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/pegboard/tree/0.7.6" class="external-link">pegboard (0.7.6)</a>, and <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/varnish/tree/1.0.3" class="external-link">varnish (1.0.3)</a></p>
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   "identifier": "https://datacarpentry.github.io/R-ecology-lesson-alternative/images.html",
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diff --git a/index.html b/index.html
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--- a/index.html
+++ b/index.html
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@
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               </div>
             </div>
             <hr class="half-width resources"><a href="aio.html">See all in one page</a>
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             <hr class="d-none d-sm-block d-md-none"><div class="d-grid gap-1">
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 <div class="accordion-body">
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 <ul><li>Download R from the <a href="https://cran.r-project.org/bin/macosx/" class="external-link">CRAN website</a>.</li>
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 <div class="accordion-body">
 <ul><li>Download R from the <a href="https://cran.r-project.org/bin/macosx/" class="external-link">CRAN website</a>.</li>
 <li>Select the <code>.pkg</code> file for the latest R version</li>
@@ -531,18 +531,18 @@ <h3 id="download-the-data">Download the data<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor
       		<footer class="row footer mx-md-3"><hr><div class="col-md-6">
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         <a href="index.html">Summary and Setup</a>
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+
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         <a href="introduction-r-rstudio.html">1. Introduction to R and RStudio</a>
     </div>
 <!--/div.accordion-header-->
-        
+
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         <a href="how-r-thinks-about-data.html">3. Exploring and understanding data</a>
     </div>
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+
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         <a href="working-with-data.html">4. Working with data</a>
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             </div>
             <hr class="half-width resources">
 <a href="aio.html">See all in one page</a>
-            
+
 
             <hr class="d-none d-sm-block d-md-none">
 <div class="d-grid gap-1">
-            
+
             </div>
           </div>
 <!-- /div.accordion -->
@@ -334,7 +334,8 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header" id="flush-headingTwelve">
         <h1>Instructor Notes</h1>
         
 
-<section id="workshop-timing"><h2 class="section-heading">Workshop Timing<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#workshop-timing"></a>
+<section><h2 class="section-heading" id="workshop-timing">Workshop Timing<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#workshop-timing"></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#workshop-timing"></a>
 </h2>
 <hr class="half-width">
 <p>In a two half-day format, you could probably complete the “Intro to R
@@ -348,7 +349,8 @@ <h1>Instructor Notes</h1>
 <p><strong>Instructor Notes below this line were written for <a href="https://datacarpentry.org/R-ecology-lesson" class="external-link">the original Data
 Carpentry lesson</a>, and may not be relevant to this redesigned
 version.</strong></p>
-<hr></section><section id="dataset"><h2 class="section-heading">Dataset<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#dataset"></a>
+<hr></section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="dataset">Dataset<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#dataset"></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#dataset"></a>
 </h2>
 <hr class="half-width">
 <p>The data used for this lesson are in the figshare repository at: <a href="https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.1314459" class="external-link">https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.1314459</a></p>
@@ -368,7 +370,8 @@ <h1>Instructor Notes</h1>
 <code>data/</code> directory and/or are not in the correct working
 directory, the <code>download.file</code> command will produce an error.
 Therefore, it is important to use the stickies at this point.</p>
-</section><section id="the-handout"><h2 class="section-heading">The handout<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#the-handout"></a>
+</section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="the-handout">The handout<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#the-handout"></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#the-handout"></a>
 </h2>
 <hr class="half-width">
 <p>The <a href="files/code-handout.R">code handout</a> (a link to
@@ -381,7 +384,8 @@ <h1>Instructor Notes</h1>
 learners at the beginning of the lesson. As an instructor, we encourage
 you to do the live coding directly in this file, so the participants can
 follow along.</p>
-</section><section id="r-version"><h2 class="section-heading">R Version<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#r-version"></a>
+</section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="r-version">R Version<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#r-version"></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#r-version"></a>
 </h2>
 <hr class="half-width">
 <p>With the release of R 4.0.0 in early 2020, an important change has
@@ -400,7 +404,8 @@ <h1>Instructor Notes</h1>
 <p>Nevertheless, it is recommended that learners install a version of R
 ≥4.0.0, and instructors and helpers should be aware of this potential
 source of error.</p>
-</section><section id="rstudio-and-multiple-r-installs"><h2 class="section-heading">RStudio and Multiple R Installs<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#rstudio-and-multiple-r-installs"></a>
+</section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="rstudio-and-multiple-r-installs">RStudio and Multiple R Installs<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#rstudio-and-multiple-r-installs"></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#rstudio-and-multiple-r-installs"></a>
 </h2>
 <hr class="half-width">
 <p>Some learners may have previous R installations. On Mac, if a new
@@ -417,7 +422,8 @@ <h1>Instructor Notes</h1>
 Current to point to the 4.0.x directory:</p>
 <pre><code>ln -s /Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/3.6.x /Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Version/Current</code></pre>
 <p>Then restart RStudio.</p>
-</section><section id="issues-with-fonts-on-macos"><h2 class="section-heading">Issues with Fonts on MacOS<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#issues-with-fonts-on-macos"></a>
+</section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="issues-with-fonts-on-macos">Issues with Fonts on MacOS<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#issues-with-fonts-on-macos"></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#issues-with-fonts-on-macos"></a>
 </h2>
 <hr class="half-width">
 <p>On older versions of MacOS, it may happen that axis labels do not
@@ -431,7 +437,8 @@ <h1>Instructor Notes</h1>
 ggplot uses a <em>serif</em> font. Since Arial is a <em>sans-serif</em>
 font, R will try to load a different font. This can be done with
 <code>theme_update(text = element_text(family = "serif"))</code>.</p>
-</section><section id="required-packages"><h2 class="section-heading">Required packages<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#required-packages"></a>
+</section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="required-packages">Required packages<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#required-packages"></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#required-packages"></a>
 </h2>
 <hr class="half-width">
 <p>Save yourself some aggrevation, and have everyone check and see if
@@ -442,7 +449,8 @@ <h1>Instructor Notes</h1>
 <strong><code>tidyverse</code></strong> package. In that case, they can
 try to install the individual packages that are actually needed:</p>
 <pre><code><span><span class="fu">install.packages</span><span class="op">(</span><span class="fu">c</span><span class="op">(</span><span class="st">"readr"</span>, <span class="st">"lubridate"</span>, <span class="st">"dplyr"</span>, <span class="st">"tidyr"</span>, <span class="st">"ggplot2"</span>, <span class="st">"dbplyr"</span><span class="op">)</span><span class="op">)</span></span></code></pre>
-</section><section id="narrative"><h2 class="section-heading">Narrative<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#narrative"></a>
+</section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="narrative">Narrative<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#narrative"></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#narrative"></a>
 </h2>
 <hr class="half-width">
 <div class="section level3">
@@ -563,13 +571,15 @@ <h3 id="r-and-sql">R and SQL<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#r-and-s
 for instructors to answer questions from the workshop participants.</li>
 </ul>
 </div>
-</section><section id="potential-issues-solutions"><h2 class="section-heading">Potential issues &amp; solutions<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#potential-issues-solutions"></a>
+</section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="potential-issues-solutions">Potential issues &amp; solutions<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#potential-issues-solutions"></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#potential-issues-solutions"></a>
 </h2>
 <hr class="half-width">
 <p>As it stands, the solutions to all the challenges are commented out
 in the Rmd files. If you want to double check your answer, you can look
 at the source code of the Rmd files on GitHub.</p>
-</section><section id="technical-tips-and-tricks"><h2 class="section-heading">Technical Tips and Tricks<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#technical-tips-and-tricks"></a>
+</section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="technical-tips-and-tricks">Technical Tips and Tricks<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#technical-tips-and-tricks"></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#technical-tips-and-tricks"></a>
 </h2>
 <hr class="half-width">
 <p>Show how to use the ‘zoom’ button to blow up graphs without
@@ -603,7 +613,8 @@ <h3 id="r-and-sql">R and SQL<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#r-and-s
 if needed creating a directory within your script
 <code>dir.create("/some_new_directory")</code>, or simply creating it
 within a file explorer works if short on time.</p>
-</section><section id="other-resources"><h2 class="section-heading">Other Resources<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#other-resources"></a>
+</section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="other-resources">Other Resources<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#other-resources"></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#other-resources"></a>
 </h2>
 <hr class="half-width">
 <p>If you encounter a problem during a workshop, feel free to contact
@@ -624,18 +635,18 @@ <h3 id="r-and-sql">R and SQL<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#r-and-s
 <div class="col-md-6">
         <p>This lesson is subject to the <a href="CODE_OF_CONDUCT.html">Code of Conduct</a></p>
         <p>
-        
+
         <a href="https://github.com/datacarpentry/R-ecology-lesson-alternative/edit/main/README.md" class="external-link">Edit on GitHub</a>
-        
+
 	
         | <a href="https://github.com/datacarpentry/R-ecology-lesson-alternative/blob/main/CONTRIBUTING.md" class="external-link">Contributing</a>
         | <a href="https://github.com/datacarpentry/R-ecology-lesson-alternative/" class="external-link">Source</a></p>
 				<p><a href="https://github.com/datacarpentry/R-ecology-lesson-alternative/blob/main/CITATION" class="external-link">Cite</a> | <a href="mailto:team@carpentries.org">Contact</a> | <a href="https://carpentries.org/about/" class="external-link">About</a></p>
 			</div>
 			<div class="col-md-6">
-        
+
         <p>Materials licensed under <a href="LICENSE.html">CC-BY 4.0</a> by the authors</p>
-        
+
         <p>Template licensed under <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/" class="external-link">CC-BY 4.0</a> by <a href="https://carpentries.org/" class="external-link">The Carpentries</a></p>
         <p>Built with <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/sandpaper/tree/0.16.5" class="external-link">sandpaper (0.16.5)</a>, <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/pegboard/tree/0.7.6" class="external-link">pegboard (0.7.6)</a>, and <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/varnish/tree/1.0.3" class="external-link">varnish (1.0.3)</a></p>
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-  "dateModified": "2024-07-02",
-  "datePublished": "2024-07-02"
+  "dateModified": "2024-07-08",
+  "datePublished": "2024-07-08"
 }
 
   </script><script>
diff --git a/instructor/404.html b/instructor/404.html
index 0ccb495f..1cf4d5fc 100644
--- a/instructor/404.html
+++ b/instructor/404.html
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@
             </li>
           </ul></li>
       </div>
-      
+
       <div class="dropdown" id="instructor-dropdown">
         <button class="btn btn-secondary dropdown-toggle bordered-button" type="button" id="dropdownMenu1" data-bs-toggle="dropdown" aria-expanded="false">
           <i aria-hidden="true" class="icon" data-feather="eye"></i> Instructor View <i data-feather="chevron-down"></i>
@@ -170,7 +170,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header" id="flush-headingNine">
                 </div><!--/div.accordion-flush-->
               </div><!--div.sidenav-view-selector -->
             </div><!--/div.col -->
-      
+
             <hr></div><!--/div.mobile-row -->
 
           <div class="accordion accordion-flush" id="accordionFlush11">
@@ -190,7 +190,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
         <a href="https://datacarpentry.github.io/R-ecology-lesson-alternative/index.html" class="external-link">Summary and Setup</a>
     </div>
 <!--/div.accordion-header-->
-        
+
   </div>
 <!--/div.accordion-item-->
 </div>
@@ -201,7 +201,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
         <a href="https://datacarpentry.github.io/R-ecology-lesson-alternative/introduction-r-rstudio.html" class="external-link">1. Introduction to R and RStudio</a>
     </div>
 <!--/div.accordion-header-->
-        
+
   </div>
 <!--/div.accordion-item-->
 </div>
@@ -212,7 +212,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
         <a href="https://datacarpentry.github.io/R-ecology-lesson-alternative/visualizing-ggplot.html" class="external-link">2. Data visualization with ggplot2</a>
     </div>
 <!--/div.accordion-header-->
-        
+
   </div>
 <!--/div.accordion-item-->
 </div>
@@ -223,7 +223,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
         <a href="https://datacarpentry.github.io/R-ecology-lesson-alternative/how-r-thinks-about-data.html" class="external-link">3. Exploring and understanding data</a>
     </div>
 <!--/div.accordion-header-->
-        
+
   </div>
 <!--/div.accordion-item-->
 </div>
@@ -234,7 +234,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
         <a href="https://datacarpentry.github.io/R-ecology-lesson-alternative/working-with-data.html" class="external-link">4. Working with data</a>
     </div>
 <!--/div.accordion-header-->
-        
+
   </div>
 <!--/div.accordion-item-->
 </div>
@@ -267,10 +267,10 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header" id="flush-headingTwelve">
               </div>
             </div>
             <hr class="half-width resources"><a href="https://datacarpentry.github.io/R-ecology-lesson-alternative/instructor/aio.html" class="external-link">See all in one page</a>
-            
+
 
             <hr class="d-none d-sm-block d-md-none"><div class="d-grid gap-1">
-            
+
             </div>
           </div><!-- /div.accordion -->
         </div><!-- /div.sidebar-inner -->
@@ -283,8 +283,8 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header" id="flush-headingTwelve">
     <main id="main-content" class="main-content"><div class="container lesson-content">
         <h1>Page not found</h1>
         
-<section id="our-apologies"><h2 class="section-heading">Our apologies!<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#our-apologies"></a>
-</h2>
+<section><h2 class="section-heading" id="our-apologies">Our apologies!<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#our-apologies"></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#our-apologies"></a></h2>
 <hr class="half-width"><p>We cannot seem to find the page you are looking for. Here are some
 tips that may help:</p>
 <ol style="list-style-type: decimal"><li>try going back to the <a href="javascript:history.back()">previous
@@ -306,18 +306,18 @@ <h1>Page not found</h1>
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         <p>This lesson is subject to the <a href="CODE_OF_CONDUCT.html">Code of Conduct</a></p>
         <p>
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+
         <a href="https://github.com/datacarpentry/R-ecology-lesson-alternative/edit/main/README.md" class="external-link">Edit on GitHub</a>
-        
+
 	
         | <a href="https://github.com/datacarpentry/R-ecology-lesson-alternative/blob/main/CONTRIBUTING.md" class="external-link">Contributing</a>
         | <a href="https://github.com/datacarpentry/R-ecology-lesson-alternative/" class="external-link">Source</a></p>
 				<p><a href="https://github.com/datacarpentry/R-ecology-lesson-alternative/blob/main/CITATION" class="external-link">Cite</a> | <a href="mailto:team@carpentries.org">Contact</a> | <a href="https://carpentries.org/about/" class="external-link">About</a></p>
 			</div>
 			<div class="col-md-6">
-        
+
         <p>Materials licensed under <a href="LICENSE.html">CC-BY 4.0</a> by the authors</p>
-        
+
         <p>Template licensed under <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/" class="external-link">CC-BY 4.0</a> by <a href="https://carpentries.org/" class="external-link">The Carpentries</a></p>
         <p>Built with <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/sandpaper/tree/0.16.5" class="external-link">sandpaper (0.16.5)</a>, <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/pegboard/tree/0.7.6" class="external-link">pegboard (0.7.6)</a>, and <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/varnish/tree/1.0.3" class="external-link">varnish (1.0.3)</a></p>
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@@ -341,8 +341,8 @@ <h1>Page not found</h1>
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   "identifier": "https://datacarpentry.github.io/R-ecology-lesson-alternative/instructor/404.html",
   "dateCreated": "2015-04-02",
-  "dateModified": "2024-07-02",
-  "datePublished": "2024-07-02"
+  "dateModified": "2024-07-08",
+  "datePublished": "2024-07-08"
 }
 
   </script><script>
diff --git a/instructor/CITATION.html b/instructor/CITATION.html
index 5ed7736f..2f332a31 100644
--- a/instructor/CITATION.html
+++ b/instructor/CITATION.html
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@
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           </ul></li>
       </div>
-      
+
       <div class="dropdown" id="instructor-dropdown">
         <button class="btn btn-secondary dropdown-toggle bordered-button" type="button" id="dropdownMenu1" data-bs-toggle="dropdown" aria-expanded="false">
           <i aria-hidden="true" class="icon" data-feather="eye"></i> Instructor View <i data-feather="chevron-down"></i>
@@ -170,7 +170,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header" id="flush-headingNine">
                 </div><!--/div.accordion-flush-->
               </div><!--div.sidenav-view-selector -->
             </div><!--/div.col -->
-      
+
             <hr></div><!--/div.mobile-row -->
 
           <div class="accordion accordion-flush" id="accordionFlush11">
@@ -189,7 +189,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
     <div class="accordion-header" id="flush-heading1">
         <a href="index.html">Summary and Schedule</a>
     </div><!--/div.accordion-header-->
-        
+
   </div><!--/div.accordion-item-->
 </div><!--/div.accordion-flush-->
 
@@ -198,7 +198,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
     <div class="accordion-header" id="flush-heading2">
         <a href="introduction-r-rstudio.html">1. Introduction to R and RStudio</a>
     </div><!--/div.accordion-header-->
-        
+
   </div><!--/div.accordion-item-->
 </div><!--/div.accordion-flush-->
 
@@ -207,7 +207,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
     <div class="accordion-header" id="flush-heading3">
         <a href="visualizing-ggplot.html">2. Data visualization with ggplot2</a>
     </div><!--/div.accordion-header-->
-        
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 </div><!--/div.accordion-flush-->
 
@@ -216,7 +216,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
     <div class="accordion-header" id="flush-heading4">
         <a href="how-r-thinks-about-data.html">3. Exploring and understanding data</a>
     </div><!--/div.accordion-header-->
-        
+
   </div><!--/div.accordion-item-->
 </div><!--/div.accordion-flush-->
 
@@ -225,7 +225,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
     <div class="accordion-header" id="flush-heading5">
         <a href="working-with-data.html">4. Working with data</a>
     </div><!--/div.accordion-header-->
-        
+
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 </div><!--/div.accordion-flush-->
 
@@ -257,10 +257,10 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header" id="flush-headingTwelve">
               </div>
             </div>
             <hr class="half-width resources"><a href="../instructor/aio.html">See all in one page</a>
-            
+
 
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             </div>
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@@ -287,14 +287,14 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header" id="flush-headingTwelve">
       </div>
       <hr></nav><main id="main-content" class="main-content"><div class="container lesson-content">
         <h1></h1>
-        <p>Last updated on 2024-07-02 |
-        
+        <p>Last updated on 2024-07-08 |
+
         <a href="https://github.com/datacarpentry/R-ecology-lesson-alternative/edit/main/CITATION.Rmd" class="external-link">Edit this page <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="edit"></i></a></p>
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           <button role="button" aria-pressed="false" tabindex="0" id="expand-code" class="pull-right" data-expand="Expand All Solutions " data-collapse="Collapse All Solutions "> Expand All Solutions <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="plus"></i></button>
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@@ -384,18 +384,18 @@ <h3 class="code-label">ERROR<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></
       		<footer class="row footer mx-md-3"><hr><div class="col-md-6">
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+
 	
         | <a href="https://github.com/datacarpentry/R-ecology-lesson-alternative/blob/main/CONTRIBUTING.md" class="external-link">Contributing</a>
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+
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         <a href="https://github.com/datacarpentry/R-ecology-lesson-alternative/edit/main/CONDUCT.Rmd" class="external-link">Edit on GitHub</a>
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 				<p><a href="https://github.com/datacarpentry/R-ecology-lesson-alternative/blob/main/CITATION" class="external-link">Cite</a> | <a href="mailto:team@carpentries.org">Contact</a> | <a href="https://carpentries.org/about/" class="external-link">About</a></p>
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-        <p>Last updated on 2024-07-02 |
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+        <p>Last updated on 2024-07-08 |
+
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-        
+
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 			</div>
 			<div class="col-md-6">
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+
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-        <p>Last updated on 2024-07-02 |
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+        <p>Last updated on 2024-07-08 |
+
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-        
+
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+
 	
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 				<p><a href="https://github.com/datacarpentry/R-ecology-lesson-alternative/blob/main/CITATION" class="external-link">Cite</a> | <a href="mailto:team@carpentries.org">Contact</a> | <a href="https://carpentries.org/about/" class="external-link">About</a></p>
 			</div>
 			<div class="col-md-6">
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+
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+
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@@ -238,7 +238,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
         <a href="introduction-r-rstudio.html">1. Introduction to R and RStudio</a>
     </div>
 <!--/div.accordion-header-->
-        
+
   </div>
 <!--/div.accordion-item-->
 </div>
@@ -250,7 +250,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
         <a href="visualizing-ggplot.html">2. Data visualization with ggplot2</a>
     </div>
 <!--/div.accordion-header-->
-        
+
   </div>
 <!--/div.accordion-item-->
 </div>
@@ -262,7 +262,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
         <a href="how-r-thinks-about-data.html">3. Exploring and understanding data</a>
     </div>
 <!--/div.accordion-header-->
-        
+
   </div>
 <!--/div.accordion-item-->
 </div>
@@ -274,7 +274,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
         <a href="working-with-data.html">4. Working with data</a>
     </div>
 <!--/div.accordion-header-->
-        
+
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 </div>
@@ -313,11 +313,11 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header" id="flush-headingTwelve">
             </div>
             <hr class="half-width resources">
 <a href="../instructor/aio.html">See all in one page</a>
-            
+
 
             <hr class="d-none d-sm-block d-md-none">
 <div class="d-grid gap-1">
-            
+
             </div>
           </div>
 <!-- /div.accordion -->
@@ -337,8 +337,8 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header" id="flush-headingTwelve">
         
 <section id="aio-introduction-r-rstudio"><p>Content from <a href="introduction-r-rstudio.html">Introduction to R and RStudio</a></p>
 <hr>
-<p>Last updated on 2024-07-02 |
-        
+<p>Last updated on 2024-07-08 |
+
         <a href="https://github.com/datacarpentry/R-ecology-lesson-alternative/edit/main/episodes/introduction-r-rstudio.Rmd" class="external-link">Edit this page <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="edit"></i></a></p>
 <p>Estimated time: <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="clock"></i> 45 minutes</p>
 <div class="text-end">
@@ -375,7 +375,8 @@ <h3 class="card-title">Objectives</h3>
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
-<section id="what-are-r-and-rstudio"><h2 class="section-heading">What are R and RStudio?<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#what-are-r-and-rstudio"></a>
+<section><h2 class="section-heading" id="what-are-r-and-rstudio">What are R and RStudio?<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#what-are-r-and-rstudio"></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#what-are-r-and-rstudio"></a>
 </h2>
 <hr class="half-width">
 <p>R refers to a programming language as well as the software that runs
@@ -385,7 +386,8 @@ <h3 class="card-title">Objectives</h3>
 software. It’s a very popular platform, and RStudio also maintains the
 <a href="https://www.tidyverse.org/" class="external-link"><code>tidyverse</code></a> series
 of packages we will use in this lesson.</p>
-</section><section id="why-learn-r"><h2 class="section-heading">Why learn R?<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#why-learn-r"></a>
+</section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="why-learn-r">Why learn R?<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#why-learn-r"></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#why-learn-r"></a>
 </h2>
 <hr class="half-width">
 <p><br></p>
@@ -394,7 +396,7 @@ <h3 class="card-title">Objectives</h3>
 <button class="accordion-button instructor-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseInstructor1" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseInstructor1">
   <h3 class="accordion-header" id="headingInstructor1">  <div class="note-square"><i aria-hidden="true" class="callout-icon" data-feather="edit-2"></i></div> Instructor Note </h3>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseInstructor1" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionInstructor1" aria-labelledby="headingInstructor1">
+<div id="collapseInstructor1" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingInstructor1" data-bs-parent="#accordionInstructor1">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>You can walk through this analogy if you want, or skip over it if you
 don’t find it useful.</p>
@@ -407,7 +409,7 @@ <h3 class="accordion-header" id="headingInstructor1">  <div class="note-square">
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution1" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution1">
   <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution1"> Your new pedantic collaborator… </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution1" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution1" aria-labelledby="headingSolution1">
+<div id="collapseSolution1" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution1" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution1">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>You’re working on a project when your advisor suggests that you begin
 working with one of their long-time collaborators. According to your
@@ -540,7 +542,8 @@ <h3 id="not-only-is-r-free-but-it-is-also-open-source-and-cross-platform">Not on
 this transparency, there is less chance for mistakes, and if you (or
 someone else) find some, you can report and fix bugs.</p>
 </div>
-</section><section id="navigating-rstudio"><h2 class="section-heading">Navigating RStudio<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#navigating-rstudio"></a>
+</section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="navigating-rstudio">Navigating RStudio<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#navigating-rstudio"></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#navigating-rstudio"></a>
 </h2>
 <hr class="half-width">
 <p>We will use the RStudio integrated development environment (IDE) to
@@ -588,7 +591,8 @@ <h3 id="not-only-is-r-free-but-it-is-also-open-source-and-cross-platform">Not on
 window, and also includes features like keyboard shortcuts,
 autocompletion of code, and syntax highlighting (different types of code
 are colored differently, making it easier to navigate your code).</p>
-</section><section id="getting-set-up-in-rstudio"><h2 class="section-heading">Getting set up in RStudio<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#getting-set-up-in-rstudio"></a>
+</section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="getting-set-up-in-rstudio">Getting set up in RStudio<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#getting-set-up-in-rstudio"></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#getting-set-up-in-rstudio"></a>
 </h2>
 <hr class="half-width">
 <p>It is a good practice to organize your projects into self-contained
@@ -644,7 +648,8 @@ <h3 id="not-only-is-r-free-but-it-is-also-open-source-and-cross-platform">Not on
 as files. We want to get used to everything we generate in a single R
 session being <em>disposable</em>. We want our scripts to be able to
 regenerate things we need, other than “raw materials” like data.</p>
-</section><section id="organizing-your-project-directory"><h2 class="section-heading">Organizing your project directory<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#organizing-your-project-directory"></a>
+</section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="organizing-your-project-directory">Organizing your project directory<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#organizing-your-project-directory"></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#organizing-your-project-directory"></a>
 </h2>
 <hr class="half-width">
 <div id="accordionInstructor2" class="accordion instructor-note accordion-flush">
@@ -652,7 +657,7 @@ <h3 id="not-only-is-r-free-but-it-is-also-open-source-and-cross-platform">Not on
 <button class="accordion-button instructor-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseInstructor2" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseInstructor2">
   <h3 class="accordion-header" id="headingInstructor2">  <div class="note-square"><i aria-hidden="true" class="callout-icon" data-feather="edit-2"></i></div> Instructor Note </h3>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseInstructor2" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionInstructor2" aria-labelledby="headingInstructor2">
+<div id="collapseInstructor2" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingInstructor2" data-bs-parent="#accordionInstructor2">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>If you are teaching remotely and sharing only the RStudio window, the
 new windows that pop up while creating folders will not be shared via
@@ -709,7 +714,8 @@ <h3 class="accordion-header" id="headingInstructor2">  <div class="note-square">
 that the <strong>Files</strong> pane helps you create, find, and open
 files, but moving through your files won’t change where the
 <strong>working directory</strong> of your project is.</p>
-</section><section id="working-in-r-and-rstudio"><h2 class="section-heading">Working in R and RStudio<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#working-in-r-and-rstudio"></a>
+</section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="working-in-r-and-rstudio">Working in R and RStudio<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#working-in-r-and-rstudio"></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#working-in-r-and-rstudio"></a>
 </h2>
 <hr class="half-width">
 <p>The basis of programming is that we write down instructions for the
@@ -816,8 +822,8 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
 </div>
 </section></section><section id="aio-visualizing-ggplot"><p>Content from <a href="visualizing-ggplot.html">Data visualization with ggplot2</a></p>
 <hr>
-<p>Last updated on 2024-07-02 |
-        
+<p>Last updated on 2024-07-08 |
+
         <a href="https://github.com/datacarpentry/R-ecology-lesson-alternative/edit/main/episodes/visualizing-ggplot.Rmd" class="external-link">Edit this page <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="edit"></i></a></p>
 <p>Estimated time: <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="clock"></i> 94 minutes</p>
 <div class="text-end">
@@ -858,7 +864,8 @@ <h3 class="card-title">Objectives</h3>
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
-<section id="setup"><h2 class="section-heading">Setup<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#setup"></a>
+<section><h2 class="section-heading" id="setup">Setup<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#setup"></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#setup"></a>
 </h2>
 <hr class="half-width">
 <p>We are going to be using <strong>functions</strong> from the
@@ -971,7 +978,8 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <strong>chr</strong> for character), and the first 10 entries in that
 variable. We will talk more about different data types and structures
 later on.</p>
-</section><section id="plotting-with-ggplot2"><h2 class="section-heading">Plotting with <strong><code>ggplot2</code></strong><a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#plotting-with-ggplot2"></a>
+</section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="plotting-with-ggplot2">Plotting with <strong><code>ggplot2</code></strong><a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#plotting-with-ggplot2"></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#plotting-with-ggplot2"></a>
 </h2>
 <hr class="half-width">
 <div id="accordionInstructor1" class="accordion instructor-note accordion-flush">
@@ -1119,7 +1127,8 @@ <h3 class="code-label">ERROR<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
-</section><section id="changing-aesthetics"><h2 class="section-heading">Changing aesthetics<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#changing-aesthetics"></a>
+</section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="changing-aesthetics">Changing aesthetics<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#changing-aesthetics"></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#changing-aesthetics"></a>
 </h2>
 <hr class="half-width">
 <p>Building <strong><code>ggplot</code></strong> plots is often an
@@ -1292,7 +1301,8 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
-</section><section id="changing-scales"><h2 class="section-heading">Changing scales<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#changing-scales"></a>
+</section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="changing-scales">Changing scales<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#changing-scales"></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#changing-scales"></a>
 </h2>
 <hr class="half-width">
 <p>The default discrete color scale isn’t always ideal: it isn’t
@@ -1329,7 +1339,8 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 similar things are given similar names. Any function that modifies a
 <code>ggplot</code> scale starts with <code>scale_</code>, making it
 easier to search for the right function.</p>
-</section><section id="boxplot"><h2 class="section-heading">Boxplot<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#boxplot"></a>
+</section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="boxplot">Boxplot<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#boxplot"></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#boxplot"></a>
 </h2>
 <hr class="half-width">
 <p>Let’s try making a different type of plot altogether. We’ll start off
@@ -1408,7 +1419,8 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
-</section><section id="adding-geoms"><h2 class="section-heading">Adding geoms<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#adding-geoms"></a>
+</section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="adding-geoms">Adding geoms<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#adding-geoms"></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#adding-geoms"></a>
 </h2>
 <hr class="half-width">
 <p>One of the most powerful aspects of
@@ -1591,7 +1603,8 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
-</section><section id="changing-themes"><h2 class="section-heading">Changing themes<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#changing-themes"></a>
+</section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="changing-themes">Changing themes<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#changing-themes"></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#changing-themes"></a>
 </h2>
 <hr class="half-width">
 <p>So far we’ve been changing the appearance of parts of our plot
@@ -1774,7 +1787,8 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Callout<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#ca
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
-</section><section id="changing-labels"><h2 class="section-heading">Changing labels<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#changing-labels"></a>
+</section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="changing-labels">Changing labels<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#changing-labels"></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#changing-labels"></a>
 </h2>
 <hr class="half-width">
 <p>Our plot is really shaping up now. However, we probably want to make
@@ -1835,7 +1849,8 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
-</section><section id="faceting"><h2 class="section-heading">Faceting<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#faceting"></a>
+</section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="faceting">Faceting<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#faceting"></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#faceting"></a>
 </h2>
 <hr class="half-width">
 <p>One of the most powerful features of
@@ -1886,7 +1901,8 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Callout<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#ca
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
-</section><section id="exporting-plots"><h2 class="section-heading">Exporting plots<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#exporting-plots"></a>
+</section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="exporting-plots">Exporting plots<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#exporting-plots"></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#exporting-plots"></a>
 </h2>
 <hr class="half-width">
 <p>Once we are happy with our final plot, we can assign the whole thing
@@ -1970,8 +1986,8 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
 </div>
 </section></section><section id="aio-how-r-thinks-about-data"><p>Content from <a href="how-r-thinks-about-data.html">Exploring and understanding data</a></p>
 <hr>
-<p>Last updated on 2024-07-02 |
-        
+<p>Last updated on 2024-07-08 |
+
         <a href="https://github.com/datacarpentry/R-ecology-lesson-alternative/edit/main/episodes/how-r-thinks-about-data.Rmd" class="external-link">Edit this page <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="edit"></i></a></p>
 <p>Estimated time: <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="clock"></i> 63 minutes</p>
 <div class="text-end">
@@ -2006,7 +2022,8 @@ <h3 class="card-title">Objectives</h3>
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
-<section id="setup"><h2 class="section-heading">Setup<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#setup"></a>
+<section><h2 class="section-heading" id="setup">Setup<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#setup"></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#setup"></a>
 </h2>
 <hr class="half-width">
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb1">
@@ -2016,7 +2033,8 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 <code class="sourceCode R"><span><span class="kw">library</span><span class="op">(</span><span class="va">tidyverse</span><span class="op">)</span></span>
 <span><span class="kw">library</span><span class="op">(</span><span class="va">ratdat</span><span class="op">)</span></span></code></pre>
 </div>
-</section><section id="the-data.frame"><h2 class="section-heading">The data.frame<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#the-data.frame"></a>
+</section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="the-data-frame">The data.frame<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#the-data.frame"></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#the-data-frame"></a>
 </h2>
 <hr class="half-width">
 <p>We just spent quite a bit of time learning how to create
@@ -2244,29 +2262,29 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 <div class="codewrapper">
 <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
-<pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code>   record_id         month             day            year         plot_id     
- Min.   :    1   Min.   : 1.000   Min.   : 1.0   Min.   :1977   Min.   : 1.00  
- 1st Qu.: 4220   1st Qu.: 3.000   1st Qu.: 9.0   1st Qu.:1981   1st Qu.: 5.00  
- Median : 8440   Median : 6.000   Median :15.0   Median :1983   Median :11.00  
- Mean   : 8440   Mean   : 6.382   Mean   :15.6   Mean   :1984   Mean   :11.47  
- 3rd Qu.:12659   3rd Qu.: 9.000   3rd Qu.:23.0   3rd Qu.:1987   3rd Qu.:17.00  
- Max.   :16878   Max.   :12.000   Max.   :31.0   Max.   :1989   Max.   :24.00  
-                                                                               
-  species_id            sex            hindfoot_length     weight      
- Length:16878       Length:16878       Min.   : 6.00   Min.   :  4.00  
- Class :character   Class :character   1st Qu.:21.00   1st Qu.: 24.00  
- Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Median :35.00   Median : 42.00  
-                                       Mean   :31.98   Mean   : 53.22  
-                                       3rd Qu.:37.00   3rd Qu.: 53.00  
-                                       Max.   :70.00   Max.   :278.00  
-                                       NA's   :2733    NA's   :1692    
-    genus             species              taxa            plot_type        
- Length:16878       Length:16878       Length:16878       Length:16878      
- Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  
- Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  
-                                                                            
-                                                                            
-                                                                            
+<pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code>   record_id         month             day            year         plot_id
+ Min.   :    1   Min.   : 1.000   Min.   : 1.0   Min.   :1977   Min.   : 1.00
+ 1st Qu.: 4220   1st Qu.: 3.000   1st Qu.: 9.0   1st Qu.:1981   1st Qu.: 5.00
+ Median : 8440   Median : 6.000   Median :15.0   Median :1983   Median :11.00
+ Mean   : 8440   Mean   : 6.382   Mean   :15.6   Mean   :1984   Mean   :11.47
+ 3rd Qu.:12659   3rd Qu.: 9.000   3rd Qu.:23.0   3rd Qu.:1987   3rd Qu.:17.00
+ Max.   :16878   Max.   :12.000   Max.   :31.0   Max.   :1989   Max.   :24.00
+
+  species_id            sex            hindfoot_length     weight
+ Length:16878       Length:16878       Min.   : 6.00   Min.   :  4.00
+ Class :character   Class :character   1st Qu.:21.00   1st Qu.: 24.00
+ Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Median :35.00   Median : 42.00
+                                       Mean   :31.98   Mean   : 53.22
+                                       3rd Qu.:37.00   3rd Qu.: 53.00
+                                       Max.   :70.00   Max.   :278.00
+                                       NA's   :2733    NA's   :1692
+    genus             species              taxa            plot_type
+ Length:16878       Length:16878       Length:16878       Length:16878
+ Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character
+ Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character
+
+
+
                                                                             </code></pre>
 </div>
 <p>And, as we have already done, we can use <code>str()</code> to look
@@ -2330,7 +2348,8 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 </div>
 <p>What we get back is a whole bunch of numbers, the entries in the
 <code>year</code> column printed out in order.</p>
-</section><section id="vectors-the-building-block-of-data"><h2 class="section-heading">Vectors: the building block of data<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#vectors-the-building-block-of-data"></a>
+</section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="vectors-the-building-block-of-data">Vectors: the building block of data<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#vectors-the-building-block-of-data"></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#vectors-the-building-block-of-data"></a>
 </h2>
 <hr class="half-width">
 <p>You might have noticed that our last result looked different from
@@ -2629,7 +2648,8 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution3"> Show me the solution </h4>
 It is a good idea to check the <code>class()</code> of your results
 frequently, particularly if you are running into confusing error
 messages.</p>
-</section><section id="missing-data"><h2 class="section-heading">Missing data<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#missing-data"></a>
+</section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="missing-data">Missing data<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#missing-data"></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#missing-data"></a>
 </h2>
 <hr class="half-width">
 <p>One of the great things about R is how it handles missing data, which
@@ -2671,7 +2691,8 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 </h3>
 <pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code>[1] 12</code></pre>
 </div>
-</section><section id="vectors-as-arguments"><h2 class="section-heading">Vectors as arguments<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#vectors-as-arguments"></a>
+</section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="vectors-as-arguments">Vectors as arguments<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#vectors-as-arguments"></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#vectors-as-arguments"></a>
 </h2>
 <hr class="half-width">
 <p>A common reason to create a vector from scratch is to use in a
@@ -2689,7 +2710,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 <div class="codewrapper">
 <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
-<pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code>25% 
+<pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code>25%
  24 </code></pre>
 </div>
 <p>Now we get back the 25% quantile value for weights. However, we often
@@ -2706,7 +2727,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 <div class="codewrapper">
 <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
-<pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code>25% 50% 75% 
+<pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code>25% 50% 75%
  24  42  53 </code></pre>
 </div>
 <p>While the <code>c()</code> function is very flexible, it doesn’t
@@ -2917,16 +2938,17 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 <div class="codewrapper">
 <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
-<pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code>  0%   5%  10%  15%  20%  25%  30%  35%  40%  45%  50%  55%  60%  65%  70%  75% 
-   6   16   17   19   20   21   22   31   33   34   35   35   36   36   36   37 
- 80%  85%  90%  95% 100% 
+<pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code>  0%   5%  10%  15%  20%  25%  30%  35%  40%  45%  50%  55%  60%  65%  70%  75%
+   6   16   17   19   20   21   22   31   33   34   35   35   36   36   36   37
+ 80%  85%  90%  95% 100%
   37   39   49   51   70 </code></pre>
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
-</section><section id="building-with-vectors"><h2 class="section-heading">Building with vectors<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#building-with-vectors"></a>
+</section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="building-with-vectors">Building with vectors<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#building-with-vectors"></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#building-with-vectors"></a>
 </h2>
 <hr class="half-width">
 <p>We have now seen vectors in a few different forms: as columns in a
@@ -2983,7 +3005,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 <div class="codewrapper">
 <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
-<pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code>[1] male   female female male   female &lt;NA&gt;  
+<pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code>[1] male   female female male   female &lt;NA&gt;
 Levels: female male</code></pre>
 </div>
 <p>We can inspect the levels of the factor using the
@@ -3015,7 +3037,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 <div class="codewrapper">
 <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
-<pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code>[1] male   female female male   female &lt;NA&gt;  
+<pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code>[1] male   female female male   female &lt;NA&gt;
 Levels: male female</code></pre>
 </div>
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb82">
@@ -3099,7 +3121,8 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code>[1] 1990 1983 1977 1998 1990</code></pre>
 </div>
 </div>
-</section><section id="assignment-objects-and-values"><h2 class="section-heading">Assignment, objects, and values<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#assignment-objects-and-values"></a>
+</section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="assignment-objects-and-values">Assignment, objects, and values<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#assignment-objects-and-values"></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#assignment-objects-and-values"></a>
 </h2>
 <hr class="half-width">
 <p>We’ve already created quite a few objects in R using the
@@ -3267,8 +3290,8 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
 </div>
 </section></section><section id="aio-working-with-data"><p>Content from <a href="working-with-data.html">Working with data</a></p>
 <hr>
-<p>Last updated on 2024-07-02 |
-        
+<p>Last updated on 2024-07-08 |
+
         <a href="https://github.com/datacarpentry/R-ecology-lesson-alternative/edit/main/episodes/working-with-data.Rmd" class="external-link">Edit this page <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="edit"></i></a></p>
 <p>Estimated time: <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="clock"></i> 124 minutes</p>
 <div class="text-end">
@@ -3313,7 +3336,8 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
 <code class="sourceCode R"><span><span class="kw">library</span><span class="op">(</span><span class="va">tidyverse</span><span class="op">)</span></span></code></pre>
 </div>
-<section id="importing-data"><h2 class="section-heading">Importing data<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#importing-data"></a>
+<section><h2 class="section-heading" id="importing-data">Importing data<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#importing-data"></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#importing-data"></a>
 </h2>
 <hr class="half-width">
 <p>Up until this point, we have been working with the
@@ -3462,7 +3486,8 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Callout<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#ca
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
-</section><section id="manipulating-data"><h2 class="section-heading">Manipulating data<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#manipulating-data"></a>
+</section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="manipulating-data">Manipulating data<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#manipulating-data"></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#manipulating-data"></a>
 </h2>
 <hr class="half-width">
 <p>One of the most important skills for working with data in R is the
@@ -3537,17 +3562,17 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 </h3>
 <pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code># A tibble: 16,878 × 11
    month   day plot_id species_id sex   hindfoot_length weight genus     species
-   &lt;dbl&gt; &lt;dbl&gt;   &lt;dbl&gt; &lt;chr&gt;      &lt;chr&gt;           &lt;dbl&gt;  &lt;dbl&gt; &lt;chr&gt;     &lt;chr&gt;  
+   &lt;dbl&gt; &lt;dbl&gt;   &lt;dbl&gt; &lt;chr&gt;      &lt;chr&gt;           &lt;dbl&gt;  &lt;dbl&gt; &lt;chr&gt;     &lt;chr&gt;
  1     7    16       2 NL         M                  32     NA Neotoma   albigu…
  2     7    16       3 NL         M                  33     NA Neotoma   albigu…
  3     7    16       2 DM         F                  37     NA Dipodomys merria…
  4     7    16       7 DM         M                  36     NA Dipodomys merria…
  5     7    16       3 DM         M                  35     NA Dipodomys merria…
- 6     7    16       1 PF         M                  14     NA Perognat… flavus 
+ 6     7    16       1 PF         M                  14     NA Perognat… flavus
  7     7    16       2 PE         F                  NA     NA Peromysc… eremic…
  8     7    16       1 DM         M                  37     NA Dipodomys merria…
  9     7    16       1 DM         F                  34     NA Dipodomys merria…
-10     7    16       6 PF         F                  20     NA Perognat… flavus 
+10     7    16       6 PF         F                  20     NA Perognat… flavus
 # ℹ 16,868 more rows
 # ℹ 2 more variables: taxa &lt;chr&gt;, plot_type &lt;chr&gt;</code></pre>
 </div>
@@ -3564,17 +3589,17 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code># A tibble: 16,878 × 4
-     day  year plot_id genus      
-   &lt;dbl&gt; &lt;dbl&gt;   &lt;dbl&gt; &lt;chr&gt;      
- 1    16  1977       2 Neotoma    
- 2    16  1977       3 Neotoma    
- 3    16  1977       2 Dipodomys  
- 4    16  1977       7 Dipodomys  
- 5    16  1977       3 Dipodomys  
+     day  year plot_id genus
+   &lt;dbl&gt; &lt;dbl&gt;   &lt;dbl&gt; &lt;chr&gt;
+ 1    16  1977       2 Neotoma
+ 2    16  1977       3 Neotoma
+ 3    16  1977       2 Dipodomys
+ 4    16  1977       7 Dipodomys
+ 5    16  1977       3 Dipodomys
  6    16  1977       1 Perognathus
- 7    16  1977       2 Peromyscus 
- 8    16  1977       1 Dipodomys  
- 9    16  1977       1 Dipodomys  
+ 7    16  1977       2 Peromyscus
+ 8    16  1977       1 Dipodomys
+ 9    16  1977       1 Dipodomys
 10    16  1977       6 Perognathus
 # ℹ 16,868 more rows</code></pre>
 </div>
@@ -3626,8 +3651,8 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code># A tibble: 16,878 × 7
-   species_id sex   hindfoot_length weight genus       species  taxa  
-   &lt;chr&gt;      &lt;chr&gt;           &lt;dbl&gt;  &lt;dbl&gt; &lt;chr&gt;       &lt;chr&gt;    &lt;chr&gt; 
+   species_id sex   hindfoot_length weight genus       species  taxa
+   &lt;chr&gt;      &lt;chr&gt;           &lt;dbl&gt;  &lt;dbl&gt; &lt;chr&gt;       &lt;chr&gt;    &lt;chr&gt;
  1 NL         M                  32     NA Neotoma     albigula Rodent
  2 NL         M                  33     NA Neotoma     albigula Rodent
  3 DM         F                  37     NA Dipodomys   merriami Rodent
@@ -3800,7 +3825,8 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
-</section><section id="the-pipe"><h2 class="section-heading">The pipe: <code>%&gt;%</code><a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#the-pipe"></a>
+</section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="the-pipe">The pipe: <code>%&gt;%</code><a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#the-pipe"></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#the-pipe"></a>
 </h2>
 <hr class="half-width">
 <p>What happens if we want to both <code>select()</code> and
@@ -3816,8 +3842,8 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code># A tibble: 8,244 × 12
-   record_id month  year plot_id species_id sex   hindfoot_length weight genus  
-       &lt;dbl&gt; &lt;dbl&gt; &lt;dbl&gt;   &lt;dbl&gt; &lt;chr&gt;      &lt;chr&gt;           &lt;dbl&gt;  &lt;dbl&gt; &lt;chr&gt;  
+   record_id month  year plot_id species_id sex   hindfoot_length weight genus
+       &lt;dbl&gt; &lt;dbl&gt; &lt;dbl&gt;   &lt;dbl&gt; &lt;chr&gt;      &lt;chr&gt;           &lt;dbl&gt;  &lt;dbl&gt; &lt;chr&gt;
  1         1     7  1977       2 NL         M                  32     NA Neotoma
  2         2     7  1977       3 NL         M                  33     NA Neotoma
  3         3     7  1977       2 DM         F                  37     NA Dipodo…
@@ -3851,8 +3877,8 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code># A tibble: 8,244 × 12
-   record_id month  year plot_id species_id sex   hindfoot_length weight genus  
-       &lt;dbl&gt; &lt;dbl&gt; &lt;dbl&gt;   &lt;dbl&gt; &lt;chr&gt;      &lt;chr&gt;           &lt;dbl&gt;  &lt;dbl&gt; &lt;chr&gt;  
+   record_id month  year plot_id species_id sex   hindfoot_length weight genus
+       &lt;dbl&gt; &lt;dbl&gt; &lt;dbl&gt;   &lt;dbl&gt; &lt;chr&gt;      &lt;chr&gt;           &lt;dbl&gt;  &lt;dbl&gt; &lt;chr&gt;
  1         1     7  1977       2 NL         M                  32     NA Neotoma
  2         2     7  1977       3 NL         M                  33     NA Neotoma
  3         3     7  1977       2 DM         F                  37     NA Dipodo…
@@ -3886,8 +3912,8 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code># A tibble: 8,244 × 12
-   record_id month  year plot_id species_id sex   hindfoot_length weight genus  
-       &lt;dbl&gt; &lt;dbl&gt; &lt;dbl&gt;   &lt;dbl&gt; &lt;chr&gt;      &lt;chr&gt;           &lt;dbl&gt;  &lt;dbl&gt; &lt;chr&gt;  
+   record_id month  year plot_id species_id sex   hindfoot_length weight genus
+       &lt;dbl&gt; &lt;dbl&gt; &lt;dbl&gt;   &lt;dbl&gt; &lt;chr&gt;      &lt;chr&gt;           &lt;dbl&gt;  &lt;dbl&gt; &lt;chr&gt;
  1         1     7  1977       2 NL         M                  32     NA Neotoma
  2         2     7  1977       3 NL         M                  33     NA Neotoma
  3         3     7  1977       2 DM         F                  37     NA Dipodo…
@@ -3984,7 +4010,8 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
-</section><section id="making-new-columns-with-mutate"><h2 class="section-heading">Making new columns with <code>mutate()</code><a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#making-new-columns-with-mutate"></a>
+</section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="making-new-columns-with-mutate">Making new columns with <code>mutate()</code><a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#making-new-columns-with-mutate"></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#making-new-columns-with-mutate"></a>
 </h2>
 <hr class="half-width">
 <p>Another common task is creating a new column based on values in
@@ -4140,18 +4167,18 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code># A tibble: 16,878 × 14
-   record_id month   day  year date       plot_id species_id sex  
+   record_id month   day  year date       plot_id species_id sex
        &lt;dbl&gt; &lt;dbl&gt; &lt;dbl&gt; &lt;dbl&gt; &lt;date&gt;       &lt;dbl&gt; &lt;chr&gt;      &lt;chr&gt;
- 1         1     7    16  1977 1977-07-16       2 NL         M    
- 2         2     7    16  1977 1977-07-16       3 NL         M    
- 3         3     7    16  1977 1977-07-16       2 DM         F    
- 4         4     7    16  1977 1977-07-16       7 DM         M    
- 5         5     7    16  1977 1977-07-16       3 DM         M    
- 6         6     7    16  1977 1977-07-16       1 PF         M    
- 7         7     7    16  1977 1977-07-16       2 PE         F    
- 8         8     7    16  1977 1977-07-16       1 DM         M    
- 9         9     7    16  1977 1977-07-16       1 DM         F    
-10        10     7    16  1977 1977-07-16       6 PF         F    
+ 1         1     7    16  1977 1977-07-16       2 NL         M
+ 2         2     7    16  1977 1977-07-16       3 NL         M
+ 3         3     7    16  1977 1977-07-16       2 DM         F
+ 4         4     7    16  1977 1977-07-16       7 DM         M
+ 5         5     7    16  1977 1977-07-16       3 DM         M
+ 6         6     7    16  1977 1977-07-16       1 PF         M
+ 7         7     7    16  1977 1977-07-16       2 PE         F
+ 8         8     7    16  1977 1977-07-16       1 DM         M
+ 9         9     7    16  1977 1977-07-16       1 DM         F
+10        10     7    16  1977 1977-07-16       6 PF         F
 # ℹ 16,868 more rows
 # ℹ 6 more variables: hindfoot_length &lt;dbl&gt;, weight &lt;dbl&gt;, genus &lt;chr&gt;,
 #   species &lt;chr&gt;, taxa &lt;chr&gt;, plot_type &lt;chr&gt;</code></pre>
@@ -4169,18 +4196,18 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code># A tibble: 16,878 × 14
-   record_id month   day  year date       plot_id species_id sex  
+   record_id month   day  year date       plot_id species_id sex
        &lt;dbl&gt; &lt;dbl&gt; &lt;dbl&gt; &lt;dbl&gt; &lt;date&gt;       &lt;dbl&gt; &lt;chr&gt;      &lt;chr&gt;
- 1         1     7    16  1977 1977-07-16       2 NL         M    
- 2         2     7    16  1977 1977-07-16       3 NL         M    
- 3         3     7    16  1977 1977-07-16       2 DM         F    
- 4         4     7    16  1977 1977-07-16       7 DM         M    
- 5         5     7    16  1977 1977-07-16       3 DM         M    
- 6         6     7    16  1977 1977-07-16       1 PF         M    
- 7         7     7    16  1977 1977-07-16       2 PE         F    
- 8         8     7    16  1977 1977-07-16       1 DM         M    
- 9         9     7    16  1977 1977-07-16       1 DM         F    
-10        10     7    16  1977 1977-07-16       6 PF         F    
+ 1         1     7    16  1977 1977-07-16       2 NL         M
+ 2         2     7    16  1977 1977-07-16       3 NL         M
+ 3         3     7    16  1977 1977-07-16       2 DM         F
+ 4         4     7    16  1977 1977-07-16       7 DM         M
+ 5         5     7    16  1977 1977-07-16       3 DM         M
+ 6         6     7    16  1977 1977-07-16       1 PF         M
+ 7         7     7    16  1977 1977-07-16       2 PE         F
+ 8         8     7    16  1977 1977-07-16       1 DM         M
+ 9         9     7    16  1977 1977-07-16       1 DM         F
+10        10     7    16  1977 1977-07-16       6 PF         F
 # ℹ 16,868 more rows
 # ℹ 6 more variables: hindfoot_length &lt;dbl&gt;, weight &lt;dbl&gt;, genus &lt;chr&gt;,
 #   species &lt;chr&gt;, taxa &lt;chr&gt;, plot_type &lt;chr&gt;</code></pre>
@@ -4203,18 +4230,18 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code># A tibble: 16,878 × 14
-   record_id month   day  year date       plot_id species_id sex  
+   record_id month   day  year date       plot_id species_id sex
        &lt;dbl&gt; &lt;dbl&gt; &lt;dbl&gt; &lt;dbl&gt; &lt;date&gt;       &lt;dbl&gt; &lt;chr&gt;      &lt;chr&gt;
- 1         1     7    16  1977 1977-07-16       2 NL         M    
- 2         2     7    16  1977 1977-07-16       3 NL         M    
- 3         3     7    16  1977 1977-07-16       2 DM         F    
- 4         4     7    16  1977 1977-07-16       7 DM         M    
- 5         5     7    16  1977 1977-07-16       3 DM         M    
- 6         6     7    16  1977 1977-07-16       1 PF         M    
- 7         7     7    16  1977 1977-07-16       2 PE         F    
- 8         8     7    16  1977 1977-07-16       1 DM         M    
- 9         9     7    16  1977 1977-07-16       1 DM         F    
-10        10     7    16  1977 1977-07-16       6 PF         F    
+ 1         1     7    16  1977 1977-07-16       2 NL         M
+ 2         2     7    16  1977 1977-07-16       3 NL         M
+ 3         3     7    16  1977 1977-07-16       2 DM         F
+ 4         4     7    16  1977 1977-07-16       7 DM         M
+ 5         5     7    16  1977 1977-07-16       3 DM         M
+ 6         6     7    16  1977 1977-07-16       1 PF         M
+ 7         7     7    16  1977 1977-07-16       2 PE         F
+ 8         8     7    16  1977 1977-07-16       1 DM         M
+ 9         9     7    16  1977 1977-07-16       1 DM         F
+10        10     7    16  1977 1977-07-16       6 PF         F
 # ℹ 16,868 more rows
 # ℹ 6 more variables: hindfoot_length &lt;dbl&gt;, weight &lt;dbl&gt;, genus &lt;chr&gt;,
 #   species &lt;chr&gt;, taxa &lt;chr&gt;, plot_type &lt;chr&gt;</code></pre>
@@ -4233,18 +4260,18 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code># A tibble: 16,878 × 14
-   record_id month   day  year date       plot_id species_id sex  
+   record_id month   day  year date       plot_id species_id sex
        &lt;dbl&gt; &lt;dbl&gt; &lt;dbl&gt; &lt;dbl&gt; &lt;date&gt;       &lt;dbl&gt; &lt;chr&gt;      &lt;chr&gt;
- 1         1     7    16  1977 1977-07-16       2 NL         M    
- 2         2     7    16  1977 1977-07-16       3 NL         M    
- 3         3     7    16  1977 1977-07-16       2 DM         F    
- 4         4     7    16  1977 1977-07-16       7 DM         M    
- 5         5     7    16  1977 1977-07-16       3 DM         M    
- 6         6     7    16  1977 1977-07-16       1 PF         M    
- 7         7     7    16  1977 1977-07-16       2 PE         F    
- 8         8     7    16  1977 1977-07-16       1 DM         M    
- 9         9     7    16  1977 1977-07-16       1 DM         F    
-10        10     7    16  1977 1977-07-16       6 PF         F    
+ 1         1     7    16  1977 1977-07-16       2 NL         M
+ 2         2     7    16  1977 1977-07-16       3 NL         M
+ 3         3     7    16  1977 1977-07-16       2 DM         F
+ 4         4     7    16  1977 1977-07-16       7 DM         M
+ 5         5     7    16  1977 1977-07-16       3 DM         M
+ 6         6     7    16  1977 1977-07-16       1 PF         M
+ 7         7     7    16  1977 1977-07-16       2 PE         F
+ 8         8     7    16  1977 1977-07-16       1 DM         M
+ 9         9     7    16  1977 1977-07-16       1 DM         F
+10        10     7    16  1977 1977-07-16       6 PF         F
 # ℹ 16,868 more rows
 # ℹ 6 more variables: hindfoot_length &lt;dbl&gt;, weight &lt;dbl&gt;, genus &lt;chr&gt;,
 #   species &lt;chr&gt;, taxa &lt;chr&gt;, plot_type &lt;chr&gt;</code></pre>
@@ -4292,7 +4319,8 @@ <h3 class="code-label">WARNING<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left">
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
-</section><section id="the-split-apply-combine-approach"><h2 class="section-heading">The split-apply-combine approach<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#the-split-apply-combine-approach"></a>
+</section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="the-split-apply-combine-approach">The split-apply-combine approach<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#the-split-apply-combine-approach"></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#the-split-apply-combine-approach"></a>
 </h2>
 <hr class="half-width">
 <p>Many data analysis tasks can be achieved using the
@@ -4665,15 +4693,15 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 # Groups:   species_id, sex [46]
    species_id sex   weight mean_weight weight_diff
    &lt;chr&gt;      &lt;chr&gt;  &lt;dbl&gt;       &lt;dbl&gt;       &lt;dbl&gt;
- 1 DM         M         40       44.0      -4.00  
- 2 DM         M         48       44.0       4.00  
- 3 DM         F         29       40.7     -11.7   
- 4 DM         F         46       40.7       5.28  
- 5 DM         M         36       44.0      -8.00  
- 6 DO         F         52       48.4       3.63  
- 7 PF         M          8        7.10      0.902 
- 8 OX         F         22       21         1     
- 9 DM         F         35       40.7      -5.72  
+ 1 DM         M         40       44.0      -4.00
+ 2 DM         M         48       44.0       4.00
+ 3 DM         F         29       40.7     -11.7
+ 4 DM         F         46       40.7       5.28
+ 5 DM         M         36       44.0      -8.00
+ 6 DO         F         52       48.4       3.63
+ 7 PF         M          8        7.10      0.902
+ 8 OX         F         22       21         1
+ 9 DM         F         35       40.7      -5.72
 10 PF         M          7        7.10     -0.0980
 # ℹ 15,176 more rows</code></pre>
 </div>
@@ -4773,7 +4801,8 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
-</section><section id="reshaping-data-with-tidyr"><h2 class="section-heading">Reshaping data with <code>tidyr</code><a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#reshaping-data-with-tidyr"></a>
+</section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="reshaping-data-with-tidyr">Reshaping data with <code>tidyr</code><a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#reshaping-data-with-tidyr"></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#reshaping-data-with-tidyr"></a>
 </h2>
 <hr class="half-width">
 <p>Let’s say we are interested in comparing the mean weights of each
@@ -4808,7 +4837,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 # Groups:   species_id [18]
    species_id plot_id mean_weight
    &lt;chr&gt;        &lt;dbl&gt;       &lt;dbl&gt;
- 1 BA               3         8  
+ 1 BA               3         8
  2 BA              21         6.5
  3 DM               1        42.7
  4 DM               2        42.6
@@ -4865,24 +4894,24 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 # Groups:   species_id [18]
    species_id    `3`   `21`    `1`    `2`    `4`   `5`    `6`   `7`    `8`
    &lt;chr&gt;       &lt;dbl&gt;  &lt;dbl&gt;  &lt;dbl&gt;  &lt;dbl&gt;  &lt;dbl&gt; &lt;dbl&gt;  &lt;dbl&gt; &lt;dbl&gt;  &lt;dbl&gt;
- 1 BA           8      6.5   NA     NA     NA     NA    NA     NA    NA   
- 2 DM          41.2   41.5   42.7   42.6   41.9   42.6  42.1   43.2  43.4 
- 3 DO          42.7   NA     50.1   50.3   46.8   50.4  49.0   52    49.2 
- 4 DS         128.    NA    129.   125.   118.   111.  114.   126.  128.  
- 5 NL         171.   136.   154.   171.   164.   192.  176.   170.  134.  
- 6 OL          32.1   28.6   35.5   34     33.0   32.6  31.8   NA    30.3 
- 7 OT          24.1   24.1   23.7   24.9   26.5   23.6  23.5   22    24.1 
- 8 OX          22     NA     NA     22     NA     20    NA     NA    NA   
- 9 PE          22.7   19.6   21.6   22.0   NA     21    21.6   22.8  19.4 
+ 1 BA           8      6.5   NA     NA     NA     NA    NA     NA    NA
+ 2 DM          41.2   41.5   42.7   42.6   41.9   42.6  42.1   43.2  43.4
+ 3 DO          42.7   NA     50.1   50.3   46.8   50.4  49.0   52    49.2
+ 4 DS         128.    NA    129.   125.   118.   111.  114.   126.  128.
+ 5 NL         171.   136.   154.   171.   164.   192.  176.   170.  134.
+ 6 OL          32.1   28.6   35.5   34     33.0   32.6  31.8   NA    30.3
+ 7 OT          24.1   24.1   23.7   24.9   26.5   23.6  23.5   22    24.1
+ 8 OX          22     NA     NA     22     NA     20    NA     NA    NA
+ 9 PE          22.7   19.6   21.6   22.0   NA     21    21.6   22.8  19.4
 10 PF           7.12   7.23   6.57   6.89   6.75   7.5   7.54   7     6.78
-11 PH          28     31     NA     NA     NA     29    NA     NA    NA   
-12 PM          20.1   23.6   23.7   23.9   NA     23.7  22.3   23.4  23   
-13 PP          17.1   13.6   14.3   16.4   14.8   19.8  16.8   NA    13.9 
-14 RF          14.8   17     NA     16     NA     14    12.1   13    NA   
-15 RM          10.3    9.89  10.9   10.6   10.4   10.8  10.6   10.7   9   
-16 SF          NA     49     NA     NA     NA     NA    NA     NA    NA   
-17 SH          76.0   79.9   NA     88     NA     82.7  NA     NA    NA   
-18 SS          NA     NA     NA     NA     NA     NA    NA     NA    NA   
+11 PH          28     31     NA     NA     NA     29    NA     NA    NA
+12 PM          20.1   23.6   23.7   23.9   NA     23.7  22.3   23.4  23
+13 PP          17.1   13.6   14.3   16.4   14.8   19.8  16.8   NA    13.9
+14 RF          14.8   17     NA     16     NA     14    12.1   13    NA
+15 RM          10.3    9.89  10.9   10.6   10.4   10.8  10.6   10.7   9
+16 SF          NA     49     NA     NA     NA     NA    NA     NA    NA
+17 SH          76.0   79.9   NA     88     NA     82.7  NA     NA    NA
+18 SS          NA     NA     NA     NA     NA     NA    NA     NA    NA
 # ℹ 15 more variables: `9` &lt;dbl&gt;, `10` &lt;dbl&gt;, `11` &lt;dbl&gt;, `12` &lt;dbl&gt;,
 #   `13` &lt;dbl&gt;, `14` &lt;dbl&gt;, `15` &lt;dbl&gt;, `16` &lt;dbl&gt;, `17` &lt;dbl&gt;, `18` &lt;dbl&gt;,
 #   `19` &lt;dbl&gt;, `20` &lt;dbl&gt;, `22` &lt;dbl&gt;, `23` &lt;dbl&gt;, `24` &lt;dbl&gt;</code></pre>
@@ -4951,16 +4980,16 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 # Groups:   species_id [18]
    species_id PLOT  MEAN_WT
    &lt;chr&gt;      &lt;chr&gt;   &lt;dbl&gt;
- 1 BA         3         8  
+ 1 BA         3         8
  2 BA         21        6.5
- 3 BA         1        NA  
- 4 BA         2        NA  
- 5 BA         4        NA  
- 6 BA         5        NA  
- 7 BA         6        NA  
- 8 BA         7        NA  
- 9 BA         8        NA  
-10 BA         9        NA  
+ 3 BA         1        NA
+ 4 BA         2        NA
+ 5 BA         4        NA
+ 6 BA         5        NA
+ 7 BA         6        NA
+ 8 BA         7        NA
+ 9 BA         8        NA
+10 BA         9        NA
 # ℹ 422 more rows</code></pre>
 </div>
 <p>One thing you will notice is that all those <code>NA</code> values
@@ -4982,7 +5011,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 # Groups:   species_id [18]
    species_id PLOT  MEAN_WT
    &lt;chr&gt;      &lt;chr&gt;   &lt;dbl&gt;
- 1 BA         3         8  
+ 1 BA         3         8
  2 BA         21        6.5
  3 DM         3        41.2
  4 DM         21       41.5
@@ -4998,7 +5027,8 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 of <code>tidyverse</code> tools, especially <code>ggplot2</code>, like
 data in a longer format, so <code>pivot_longer()</code> is often very
 useful.</p>
-</section><section id="exporting-data"><h2 class="section-heading">Exporting data<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#exporting-data"></a>
+</section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="exporting-data">Exporting data<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#exporting-data"></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#exporting-data"></a>
 </h2>
 <hr class="half-width">
 <p>Let’s say we want to send the wide version of our
@@ -5023,24 +5053,24 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 # Groups:   species_id [18]
    species_id plot_3 plot_21 plot_1 plot_2 plot_4 plot_5 plot_6 plot_7 plot_8
    &lt;chr&gt;       &lt;dbl&gt;   &lt;dbl&gt;  &lt;dbl&gt;  &lt;dbl&gt;  &lt;dbl&gt;  &lt;dbl&gt;  &lt;dbl&gt;  &lt;dbl&gt;  &lt;dbl&gt;
- 1 BA           8       6.5   NA     NA     NA      NA    NA      NA    NA   
- 2 DM          41.2    41.5   42.7   42.6   41.9    42.6  42.1    43.2  43.4 
- 3 DO          42.7    NA     50.1   50.3   46.8    50.4  49.0    52    49.2 
- 4 DS         128.     NA    129.   125.   118.    111.  114.    126.  128.  
- 5 NL         171.    136.   154.   171.   164.    192.  176.    170.  134.  
- 6 OL          32.1    28.6   35.5   34     33.0    32.6  31.8    NA    30.3 
- 7 OT          24.1    24.1   23.7   24.9   26.5    23.6  23.5    22    24.1 
- 8 OX          22      NA     NA     22     NA      20    NA      NA    NA   
- 9 PE          22.7    19.6   21.6   22.0   NA      21    21.6    22.8  19.4 
+ 1 BA           8       6.5   NA     NA     NA      NA    NA      NA    NA
+ 2 DM          41.2    41.5   42.7   42.6   41.9    42.6  42.1    43.2  43.4
+ 3 DO          42.7    NA     50.1   50.3   46.8    50.4  49.0    52    49.2
+ 4 DS         128.     NA    129.   125.   118.    111.  114.    126.  128.
+ 5 NL         171.    136.   154.   171.   164.    192.  176.    170.  134.
+ 6 OL          32.1    28.6   35.5   34     33.0    32.6  31.8    NA    30.3
+ 7 OT          24.1    24.1   23.7   24.9   26.5    23.6  23.5    22    24.1
+ 8 OX          22      NA     NA     22     NA      20    NA      NA    NA
+ 9 PE          22.7    19.6   21.6   22.0   NA      21    21.6    22.8  19.4
 10 PF           7.12    7.23   6.57   6.89   6.75    7.5   7.54    7     6.78
-11 PH          28      31     NA     NA     NA      29    NA      NA    NA   
-12 PM          20.1    23.6   23.7   23.9   NA      23.7  22.3    23.4  23   
-13 PP          17.1    13.6   14.3   16.4   14.8    19.8  16.8    NA    13.9 
-14 RF          14.8    17     NA     16     NA      14    12.1    13    NA   
-15 RM          10.3     9.89  10.9   10.6   10.4    10.8  10.6    10.7   9   
-16 SF          NA      49     NA     NA     NA      NA    NA      NA    NA   
-17 SH          76.0    79.9   NA     88     NA      82.7  NA      NA    NA   
-18 SS          NA      NA     NA     NA     NA      NA    NA      NA    NA   
+11 PH          28      31     NA     NA     NA      29    NA      NA    NA
+12 PM          20.1    23.6   23.7   23.9   NA      23.7  22.3    23.4  23
+13 PP          17.1    13.6   14.3   16.4   14.8    19.8  16.8    NA    13.9
+14 RF          14.8    17     NA     16     NA      14    12.1    13    NA
+15 RM          10.3     9.89  10.9   10.6   10.4    10.8  10.6    10.7   9
+16 SF          NA      49     NA     NA     NA      NA    NA      NA    NA
+17 SH          76.0    79.9   NA     88     NA      82.7  NA      NA    NA
+18 SS          NA      NA     NA     NA     NA      NA    NA      NA    NA
 # ℹ 15 more variables: plot_9 &lt;dbl&gt;, plot_10 &lt;dbl&gt;, plot_11 &lt;dbl&gt;,
 #   plot_12 &lt;dbl&gt;, plot_13 &lt;dbl&gt;, plot_14 &lt;dbl&gt;, plot_15 &lt;dbl&gt;, plot_16 &lt;dbl&gt;,
 #   plot_17 &lt;dbl&gt;, plot_18 &lt;dbl&gt;, plot_19 &lt;dbl&gt;, plot_20 &lt;dbl&gt;, plot_22 &lt;dbl&gt;,
@@ -5064,24 +5094,24 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 # Groups:   species_id [18]
    species_id plot_3 plot_21 plot_1 plot_2 plot_4 plot_5 plot_6 plot_7 plot_8
    &lt;chr&gt;       &lt;dbl&gt;   &lt;dbl&gt;  &lt;dbl&gt;  &lt;dbl&gt;  &lt;dbl&gt;  &lt;dbl&gt;  &lt;dbl&gt;  &lt;dbl&gt;  &lt;dbl&gt;
- 1 BA           8       6.5   NA     NA     NA      NA    NA      NA    NA   
- 2 DM          41.2    41.5   42.7   42.6   41.9    42.6  42.1    43.2  43.4 
- 3 DO          42.7    NA     50.1   50.3   46.8    50.4  49.0    52    49.2 
- 4 DS         128.     NA    129.   125.   118.    111.  114.    126.  128.  
- 5 NL         171.    136.   154.   171.   164.    192.  176.    170.  134.  
- 6 OL          32.1    28.6   35.5   34     33.0    32.6  31.8    NA    30.3 
- 7 OT          24.1    24.1   23.7   24.9   26.5    23.6  23.5    22    24.1 
- 8 OX          22      NA     NA     22     NA      20    NA      NA    NA   
- 9 PE          22.7    19.6   21.6   22.0   NA      21    21.6    22.8  19.4 
+ 1 BA           8       6.5   NA     NA     NA      NA    NA      NA    NA
+ 2 DM          41.2    41.5   42.7   42.6   41.9    42.6  42.1    43.2  43.4
+ 3 DO          42.7    NA     50.1   50.3   46.8    50.4  49.0    52    49.2
+ 4 DS         128.     NA    129.   125.   118.    111.  114.    126.  128.
+ 5 NL         171.    136.   154.   171.   164.    192.  176.    170.  134.
+ 6 OL          32.1    28.6   35.5   34     33.0    32.6  31.8    NA    30.3
+ 7 OT          24.1    24.1   23.7   24.9   26.5    23.6  23.5    22    24.1
+ 8 OX          22      NA     NA     22     NA      20    NA      NA    NA
+ 9 PE          22.7    19.6   21.6   22.0   NA      21    21.6    22.8  19.4
 10 PF           7.12    7.23   6.57   6.89   6.75    7.5   7.54    7     6.78
-11 PH          28      31     NA     NA     NA      29    NA      NA    NA   
-12 PM          20.1    23.6   23.7   23.9   NA      23.7  22.3    23.4  23   
-13 PP          17.1    13.6   14.3   16.4   14.8    19.8  16.8    NA    13.9 
-14 RF          14.8    17     NA     16     NA      14    12.1    13    NA   
-15 RM          10.3     9.89  10.9   10.6   10.4    10.8  10.6    10.7   9   
-16 SF          NA      49     NA     NA     NA      NA    NA      NA    NA   
-17 SH          76.0    79.9   NA     88     NA      82.7  NA      NA    NA   
-18 SS          NA      NA     NA     NA     NA      NA    NA      NA    NA   
+11 PH          28      31     NA     NA     NA      29    NA      NA    NA
+12 PM          20.1    23.6   23.7   23.9   NA      23.7  22.3    23.4  23
+13 PP          17.1    13.6   14.3   16.4   14.8    19.8  16.8    NA    13.9
+14 RF          14.8    17     NA     16     NA      14    12.1    13    NA
+15 RM          10.3     9.89  10.9   10.6   10.4    10.8  10.6    10.7   9
+16 SF          NA      49     NA     NA     NA      NA    NA      NA    NA
+17 SH          76.0    79.9   NA     88     NA      82.7  NA      NA    NA
+18 SS          NA      NA     NA     NA     NA      NA    NA      NA    NA
 # ℹ 15 more variables: plot_9 &lt;dbl&gt;, plot_10 &lt;dbl&gt;, plot_11 &lt;dbl&gt;,
 #   plot_12 &lt;dbl&gt;, plot_13 &lt;dbl&gt;, plot_14 &lt;dbl&gt;, plot_15 &lt;dbl&gt;, plot_16 &lt;dbl&gt;,
 #   plot_17 &lt;dbl&gt;, plot_18 &lt;dbl&gt;, plot_19 &lt;dbl&gt;, plot_20 &lt;dbl&gt;, plot_22 &lt;dbl&gt;,
@@ -5139,18 +5169,18 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
 <div class="col-md-6">
         <p>This lesson is subject to the <a href="CODE_OF_CONDUCT.html">Code of Conduct</a></p>
         <p>
-        
+
         <a href="https://github.com/datacarpentry/R-ecology-lesson-alternative/edit/main/README.md" class="external-link">Edit on GitHub</a>
-        
+
 	
         | <a href="https://github.com/datacarpentry/R-ecology-lesson-alternative/blob/main/CONTRIBUTING.md" class="external-link">Contributing</a>
         | <a href="https://github.com/datacarpentry/R-ecology-lesson-alternative/" class="external-link">Source</a></p>
 				<p><a href="https://github.com/datacarpentry/R-ecology-lesson-alternative/blob/main/CITATION" class="external-link">Cite</a> | <a href="mailto:team@carpentries.org">Contact</a> | <a href="https://carpentries.org/about/" class="external-link">About</a></p>
 			</div>
 			<div class="col-md-6">
-        
+
         <p>Materials licensed under <a href="LICENSE.html">CC-BY 4.0</a> by the authors</p>
-        
+
         <p>Template licensed under <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/" class="external-link">CC-BY 4.0</a> by <a href="https://carpentries.org/" class="external-link">The Carpentries</a></p>
         <p>Built with <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/sandpaper/tree/0.16.5" class="external-link">sandpaper (0.16.5)</a>, <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/pegboard/tree/0.7.6" class="external-link">pegboard (0.7.6)</a>, and <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/varnish/tree/1.0.3" class="external-link">varnish (1.0.3)</a></p>
 			</div>
@@ -5175,8 +5205,8 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
   "url": "https://datacarpentry.github.io/R-ecology-lesson-alternative/instructor/aio.html",
   "identifier": "https://datacarpentry.github.io/R-ecology-lesson-alternative/instructor/aio.html",
   "dateCreated": "2015-04-02",
-  "dateModified": "2024-07-02",
-  "datePublished": "2024-07-02"
+  "dateModified": "2024-07-08",
+  "datePublished": "2024-07-08"
 }
 
   </script><script>
diff --git a/instructor/how-r-thinks-about-data.html b/instructor/how-r-thinks-about-data.html
index c5523f15..269d6fdc 100644
--- a/instructor/how-r-thinks-about-data.html
+++ b/instructor/how-r-thinks-about-data.html
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@
             </li>
           </ul></li>
       </div>
-      
+
       <div class="dropdown" id="instructor-dropdown">
         <button class="btn btn-secondary dropdown-toggle bordered-button" type="button" id="dropdownMenu1" data-bs-toggle="dropdown" aria-expanded="false">
           <i aria-hidden="true" class="icon" data-feather="eye"></i> Instructor View <i data-feather="chevron-down"></i>
@@ -170,7 +170,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header" id="flush-headingNine">
                 </div><!--/div.accordion-flush-->
               </div><!--div.sidenav-view-selector -->
             </div><!--/div.col -->
-      
+
             <hr></div><!--/div.mobile-row -->
 
           <div class="accordion accordion-flush" id="accordionFlush11">
@@ -189,7 +189,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
     <div class="accordion-header" id="flush-heading1">
         <a href="index.html">Summary and Schedule</a>
     </div><!--/div.accordion-header-->
-        
+
   </div><!--/div.accordion-item-->
 </div><!--/div.accordion-flush-->
 
@@ -198,7 +198,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
     <div class="accordion-header" id="flush-heading2">
         <a href="introduction-r-rstudio.html">1. Introduction to R and RStudio</a>
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@@ -233,7 +233,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
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             <hr class="half-width resources"><a href="../instructor/aio.html">See all in one page</a>
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@@ -298,20 +298,20 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header" id="flush-headingTwelve">
           Previous: Data visualization
         </a>
         <a class="chapter-link float-end" href="../instructor/working-with-data.html" rel="next">
-          Next: Working with data... 
+          Next: Working with data...
           <i aria-hidden="true" class="small-arrow" data-feather="arrow-right"></i>
         </a>
       </div>
       <hr></nav><main id="main-content" class="main-content"><div class="container lesson-content">
         <h1>Exploring and understanding data</h1>
-        <p>Last updated on 2024-07-02 |
-        
+        <p>Last updated on 2024-07-08 |
+
         <a href="https://github.com/datacarpentry/R-ecology-lesson-alternative/edit/main/episodes/how-r-thinks-about-data.Rmd" class="external-link">Edit this page <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="edit"></i></a></p>
-        
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@@ -343,8 +343,8 @@ <h3 class="card-title">Objectives</h3>
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
-<section id="setup"><h2 class="section-heading">Setup<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#setup"></a>
-</h2>
+<section><h2 class="section-heading" id="setup">Setup<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#setup"></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#setup"></a></h2>
 <hr class="half-width"><div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb1">
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@@ -352,8 +352,8 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 <code class="sourceCode R"><span><span class="kw">library</span><span class="op">(</span><span class="va">tidyverse</span><span class="op">)</span></span>
 <span><span class="kw">library</span><span class="op">(</span><span class="va">ratdat</span><span class="op">)</span></span></code></pre>
 </div>
-</section><section id="the-data.frame"><h2 class="section-heading">The data.frame<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#the-data.frame"></a>
-</h2>
+</section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="the-data-frame">The data.frame<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#the-data.frame"></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#the-data-frame"></a></h2>
 <hr class="half-width"><p>We just spent quite a bit of time learning how to create
 visualizations from the <code>complete_old</code> data, but we did not
 talk much about <strong>what</strong> this <code>complete_old</code>
@@ -579,29 +579,29 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 <div class="codewrapper">
 <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
-<pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code>   record_id         month             day            year         plot_id     
- Min.   :    1   Min.   : 1.000   Min.   : 1.0   Min.   :1977   Min.   : 1.00  
- 1st Qu.: 4220   1st Qu.: 3.000   1st Qu.: 9.0   1st Qu.:1981   1st Qu.: 5.00  
- Median : 8440   Median : 6.000   Median :15.0   Median :1983   Median :11.00  
- Mean   : 8440   Mean   : 6.382   Mean   :15.6   Mean   :1984   Mean   :11.47  
- 3rd Qu.:12659   3rd Qu.: 9.000   3rd Qu.:23.0   3rd Qu.:1987   3rd Qu.:17.00  
- Max.   :16878   Max.   :12.000   Max.   :31.0   Max.   :1989   Max.   :24.00  
-                                                                               
-  species_id            sex            hindfoot_length     weight      
- Length:16878       Length:16878       Min.   : 6.00   Min.   :  4.00  
- Class :character   Class :character   1st Qu.:21.00   1st Qu.: 24.00  
- Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Median :35.00   Median : 42.00  
-                                       Mean   :31.98   Mean   : 53.22  
-                                       3rd Qu.:37.00   3rd Qu.: 53.00  
-                                       Max.   :70.00   Max.   :278.00  
-                                       NA's   :2733    NA's   :1692    
-    genus             species              taxa            plot_type        
- Length:16878       Length:16878       Length:16878       Length:16878      
- Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  
- Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  
-                                                                            
-                                                                            
-                                                                            
+<pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code>   record_id         month             day            year         plot_id
+ Min.   :    1   Min.   : 1.000   Min.   : 1.0   Min.   :1977   Min.   : 1.00
+ 1st Qu.: 4220   1st Qu.: 3.000   1st Qu.: 9.0   1st Qu.:1981   1st Qu.: 5.00
+ Median : 8440   Median : 6.000   Median :15.0   Median :1983   Median :11.00
+ Mean   : 8440   Mean   : 6.382   Mean   :15.6   Mean   :1984   Mean   :11.47
+ 3rd Qu.:12659   3rd Qu.: 9.000   3rd Qu.:23.0   3rd Qu.:1987   3rd Qu.:17.00
+ Max.   :16878   Max.   :12.000   Max.   :31.0   Max.   :1989   Max.   :24.00
+
+  species_id            sex            hindfoot_length     weight
+ Length:16878       Length:16878       Min.   : 6.00   Min.   :  4.00
+ Class :character   Class :character   1st Qu.:21.00   1st Qu.: 24.00
+ Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Median :35.00   Median : 42.00
+                                       Mean   :31.98   Mean   : 53.22
+                                       3rd Qu.:37.00   3rd Qu.: 53.00
+                                       Max.   :70.00   Max.   :278.00
+                                       NA's   :2733    NA's   :1692
+    genus             species              taxa            plot_type
+ Length:16878       Length:16878       Length:16878       Length:16878
+ Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character
+ Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character
+
+
+
                                                                             </code></pre>
 </div>
 <p>And, as we have already done, we can use <code>str()</code> to look
@@ -665,8 +665,8 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 </div>
 <p>What we get back is a whole bunch of numbers, the entries in the
 <code>year</code> column printed out in order.</p>
-</section><section id="vectors-the-building-block-of-data"><h2 class="section-heading">Vectors: the building block of data<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#vectors-the-building-block-of-data"></a>
-</h2>
+</section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="vectors-the-building-block-of-data">Vectors: the building block of data<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#vectors-the-building-block-of-data"></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#vectors-the-building-block-of-data"></a></h2>
 <hr class="half-width"><p>You might have noticed that our last result looked different from
 when we printed out the <code>complete_old</code> data.frame itself.
 That’s because it is not a data.frame, it is a <strong>vector</strong>.
@@ -955,8 +955,8 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution3"> Show me the solution </h4>
 It is a good idea to check the <code>class()</code> of your results
 frequently, particularly if you are running into confusing error
 messages.</p>
-</section><section id="missing-data"><h2 class="section-heading">Missing data<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#missing-data"></a>
-</h2>
+</section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="missing-data">Missing data<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#missing-data"></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#missing-data"></a></h2>
 <hr class="half-width"><p>One of the great things about R is how it handles missing data, which
 can be tricky in other programming languages. R represents missing data
 as <code>NA</code>, without quotes, in vectors of any type. Let’s make a
@@ -996,8 +996,8 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 </h3>
 <pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code>[1] 12</code></pre>
 </div>
-</section><section id="vectors-as-arguments"><h2 class="section-heading">Vectors as arguments<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#vectors-as-arguments"></a>
-</h2>
+</section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="vectors-as-arguments">Vectors as arguments<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#vectors-as-arguments"></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#vectors-as-arguments"></a></h2>
 <hr class="half-width"><p>A common reason to create a vector from scratch is to use in a
 function argument. The <code>quantile()</code> function will calculate a
 quantile for a given vector of numeric values. We set the quantile using
@@ -1013,7 +1013,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
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-<pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code>25% 
+<pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code>25%
  24 </code></pre>
 </div>
 <p>Now we get back the 25% quantile value for weights. However, we often
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-<pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code>25% 50% 75% 
+<pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code>25% 50% 75%
  24  42  53 </code></pre>
 </div>
 <p>While the <code>c()</code> function is very flexible, it doesn’t
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-<pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code>  0%   5%  10%  15%  20%  25%  30%  35%  40%  45%  50%  55%  60%  65%  70%  75% 
-   6   16   17   19   20   21   22   31   33   34   35   35   36   36   36   37 
- 80%  85%  90%  95% 100% 
+<pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code>  0%   5%  10%  15%  20%  25%  30%  35%  40%  45%  50%  55%  60%  65%  70%  75%
+   6   16   17   19   20   21   22   31   33   34   35   35   36   36   36   37
+ 80%  85%  90%  95% 100%
   37   39   49   51   70 </code></pre>
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
-</section><section id="building-with-vectors"><h2 class="section-heading">Building with vectors<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#building-with-vectors"></a>
-</h2>
+</section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="building-with-vectors">Building with vectors<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#building-with-vectors"></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#building-with-vectors"></a></h2>
 <hr class="half-width"><p>We have now seen vectors in a few different forms: as columns in a
 data.frame and as single vectors. However, they can be manipulated into
 lots of other shapes and forms. Some other common forms are:</p>
@@ -1291,7 +1291,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
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 </h3>
-<pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code>[1] male   female female male   female &lt;NA&gt;  
+<pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code>[1] male   female female male   female &lt;NA&gt;
 Levels: female male</code></pre>
 </div>
 <p>We can inspect the levels of the factor using the
@@ -1323,7 +1323,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
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 <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
-<pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code>[1] male   female female male   female &lt;NA&gt;  
+<pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code>[1] male   female female male   female &lt;NA&gt;
 Levels: male female</code></pre>
 </div>
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb82">
@@ -1405,8 +1405,8 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code>[1] 1990 1983 1977 1998 1990</code></pre>
 </div>
 </div>
-</section><section id="assignment-objects-and-values"><h2 class="section-heading">Assignment, objects, and values<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#assignment-objects-and-values"></a>
-</h2>
+</section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="assignment-objects-and-values">Assignment, objects, and values<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#assignment-objects-and-values"></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#assignment-objects-and-values"></a></h2>
 <hr class="half-width"><p>We’ve already created quite a few objects in R using the
 <code>&lt;-</code> assignment arrow, but there are a few finer details
 worth talking about. First, let’s start with a quick challenge.</p>
@@ -1574,7 +1574,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
           Previous: Data visualization
         </a>
         <a class="chapter-link float-end" href="../instructor/working-with-data.html" rel="next">
-          Next: Working with data... 
+          Next: Working with data...
           <i aria-hidden="true" class="small-arrow" data-feather="arrow-right"></i>
         </a>
       </div>
@@ -1585,18 +1585,18 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
       		<footer class="row footer mx-md-3"><hr><div class="col-md-6">
         <p>This lesson is subject to the <a href="CODE_OF_CONDUCT.html">Code of Conduct</a></p>
         <p>
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+
         <a href="https://github.com/datacarpentry/R-ecology-lesson-alternative/edit/main/episodes/how-r-thinks-about-data.Rmd" class="external-link">Edit on GitHub</a>
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+
 	
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         | <a href="https://github.com/datacarpentry/R-ecology-lesson-alternative/" class="external-link">Source</a></p>
 				<p><a href="https://github.com/datacarpentry/R-ecology-lesson-alternative/blob/main/CITATION" class="external-link">Cite</a> | <a href="mailto:team@carpentries.org">Contact</a> | <a href="https://carpentries.org/about/" class="external-link">About</a></p>
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+
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-        
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@@ -1620,8 +1620,8 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
   "url": "https://datacarpentry.github.io/R-ecology-lesson-alternative/instructor/how-r-thinks-about-data.html",
   "identifier": "https://datacarpentry.github.io/R-ecology-lesson-alternative/instructor/how-r-thinks-about-data.html",
   "dateCreated": "2015-04-02",
-  "dateModified": "2024-07-02",
-  "datePublished": "2024-07-02"
+  "dateModified": "2024-07-08",
+  "datePublished": "2024-07-08"
 }
 
   </script><script>
diff --git a/instructor/images.html b/instructor/images.html
index 677f025a..df8f224a 100644
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@@ -204,7 +204,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header" id="flush-headingNine">
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         <a href="index.html">Summary and Schedule</a>
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@@ -238,7 +238,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
         <a href="introduction-r-rstudio.html">1. Introduction to R and RStudio</a>
     </div>
 <!--/div.accordion-header-->
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         <a href="visualizing-ggplot.html">2. Data visualization with ggplot2</a>
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         <a href="how-r-thinks-about-data.html">3. Exploring and understanding data</a>
     </div>
 <!--/div.accordion-header-->
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         <a href="working-with-data.html">4. Working with data</a>
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             </div>
             <hr class="half-width resources">
 <a href="../instructor/aio.html">See all in one page</a>
-            
+
 
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+
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@@ -434,18 +434,18 @@ <h3 id="working-with-data-figure-4">Figure 4</h3>
 <div class="col-md-6">
         <p>This lesson is subject to the <a href="CODE_OF_CONDUCT.html">Code of Conduct</a></p>
         <p>
-        
+
         <a href="https://github.com/datacarpentry/R-ecology-lesson-alternative/edit/main/README.md" class="external-link">Edit on GitHub</a>
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+
 	
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diff --git a/instructor/index.html b/instructor/index.html
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+++ b/instructor/index.html
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@
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+
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 <ul><li>Download R from the <a href="https://cran.r-project.org/bin/macosx/" class="external-link">CRAN website</a>.</li>
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         <p>This lesson is subject to the <a href="CODE_OF_CONDUCT.html">Code of Conduct</a></p>
         <p>
-        
+
         <a href="https://github.com/datacarpentry/R-ecology-lesson-alternative/edit/main/index.md" class="external-link">Edit on GitHub</a>
-        
+
 	
         | <a href="https://github.com/datacarpentry/R-ecology-lesson-alternative/blob/main/CONTRIBUTING.md" class="external-link">Contributing</a>
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 				<p><a href="https://github.com/datacarpentry/R-ecology-lesson-alternative/blob/main/CITATION" class="external-link">Cite</a> | <a href="mailto:team@carpentries.org">Contact</a> | <a href="https://carpentries.org/about/" class="external-link">About</a></p>
 			</div>
 			<div class="col-md-6">
-        
+
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-        
+
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         <p>Built with <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/sandpaper/tree/0.16.5" class="external-link">sandpaper (0.16.5)</a>, <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/pegboard/tree/0.7.6" class="external-link">pegboard (0.7.6)</a>, and <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/varnish/tree/1.0.3" class="external-link">varnish (1.0.3)</a></p>
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diff --git a/instructor/instructor-notes.html b/instructor/instructor-notes.html
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-            
+
 
             <hr class="d-none d-sm-block d-md-none">
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-            
+
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         <h1>Instructor Notes</h1>
         
 
-<section id="workshop-timing"><h2 class="section-heading">Workshop Timing<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#workshop-timing"></a>
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 <p><strong>Instructor Notes below this line were written for <a href="https://datacarpentry.org/R-ecology-lesson" class="external-link">the original Data
 Carpentry lesson</a>, and may not be relevant to this redesigned
 version.</strong></p>
-<hr></section><section id="dataset"><h2 class="section-heading">Dataset<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#dataset"></a>
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+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#dataset"></a>
 </h2>
 <hr class="half-width">
 <p>The data used for this lesson are in the figshare repository at: <a href="https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.1314459" class="external-link">https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.1314459</a></p>
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 <code>data/</code> directory and/or are not in the correct working
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-</section><section id="the-handout"><h2 class="section-heading">The handout<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#the-handout"></a>
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 <p>The <a href="../files/code-handout.R">code handout</a> (a link to
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 learners at the beginning of the lesson. As an instructor, we encourage
 you to do the live coding directly in this file, so the participants can
 follow along.</p>
-</section><section id="r-version"><h2 class="section-heading">R Version<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#r-version"></a>
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 <hr class="half-width">
 <p>With the release of R 4.0.0 in early 2020, an important change has
@@ -402,7 +406,8 @@ <h1>Instructor Notes</h1>
 <p>Nevertheless, it is recommended that learners install a version of R
 ≥4.0.0, and instructors and helpers should be aware of this potential
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 <p>Some learners may have previous R installations. On Mac, if a new
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 <pre><code>ln -s /Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/3.6.x /Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Version/Current</code></pre>
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-</section><section id="issues-with-fonts-on-macos"><h2 class="section-heading">Issues with Fonts on MacOS<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#issues-with-fonts-on-macos"></a>
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 <hr class="half-width">
 <p>On older versions of MacOS, it may happen that axis labels do not
@@ -433,7 +439,8 @@ <h1>Instructor Notes</h1>
 ggplot uses a <em>serif</em> font. Since Arial is a <em>sans-serif</em>
 font, R will try to load a different font. This can be done with
 <code>theme_update(text = element_text(family = "serif"))</code>.</p>
-</section><section id="required-packages"><h2 class="section-heading">Required packages<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#required-packages"></a>
+</section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="required-packages">Required packages<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#required-packages"></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#required-packages"></a>
 </h2>
 <hr class="half-width">
 <p>Save yourself some aggrevation, and have everyone check and see if
@@ -444,7 +451,8 @@ <h1>Instructor Notes</h1>
 <strong><code>tidyverse</code></strong> package. In that case, they can
 try to install the individual packages that are actually needed:</p>
 <pre><code><span><span class="fu">install.packages</span><span class="op">(</span><span class="fu">c</span><span class="op">(</span><span class="st">"readr"</span>, <span class="st">"lubridate"</span>, <span class="st">"dplyr"</span>, <span class="st">"tidyr"</span>, <span class="st">"ggplot2"</span>, <span class="st">"dbplyr"</span><span class="op">)</span><span class="op">)</span></span></code></pre>
-</section><section id="narrative"><h2 class="section-heading">Narrative<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#narrative"></a>
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 <div class="section level3">
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 for instructors to answer questions from the workshop participants.</li>
 </ul>
 </div>
-</section><section id="potential-issues-solutions"><h2 class="section-heading">Potential issues &amp; solutions<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#potential-issues-solutions"></a>
+</section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="potential-issues-solutions">Potential issues &amp; solutions<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#potential-issues-solutions"></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#potential-issues-solutions"></a>
 </h2>
 <hr class="half-width">
 <p>As it stands, the solutions to all the challenges are commented out
 in the Rmd files. If you want to double check your answer, you can look
 at the source code of the Rmd files on GitHub.</p>
-</section><section id="technical-tips-and-tricks"><h2 class="section-heading">Technical Tips and Tricks<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#technical-tips-and-tricks"></a>
+</section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="technical-tips-and-tricks">Technical Tips and Tricks<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#technical-tips-and-tricks"></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#technical-tips-and-tricks"></a>
 </h2>
 <hr class="half-width">
 <p>Show how to use the ‘zoom’ button to blow up graphs without
@@ -605,7 +615,8 @@ <h3 id="r-and-sql">R and SQL<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#r-and-s
 if needed creating a directory within your script
 <code>dir.create("/some_new_directory")</code>, or simply creating it
 within a file explorer works if short on time.</p>
-</section><section id="other-resources"><h2 class="section-heading">Other Resources<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#other-resources"></a>
+</section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="other-resources">Other Resources<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#other-resources"></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#other-resources"></a>
 </h2>
 <hr class="half-width">
 <p>If you encounter a problem during a workshop, feel free to contact
@@ -664,18 +675,18 @@ <h3 id="working-with-data-headingInstructor1">
 <div class="col-md-6">
         <p>This lesson is subject to the <a href="CODE_OF_CONDUCT.html">Code of Conduct</a></p>
         <p>
-        
+
         <a href="https://github.com/datacarpentry/R-ecology-lesson-alternative/edit/main/README.md" class="external-link">Edit on GitHub</a>
-        
+
 	
         | <a href="https://github.com/datacarpentry/R-ecology-lesson-alternative/blob/main/CONTRIBUTING.md" class="external-link">Contributing</a>
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 				<p><a href="https://github.com/datacarpentry/R-ecology-lesson-alternative/blob/main/CITATION" class="external-link">Cite</a> | <a href="mailto:team@carpentries.org">Contact</a> | <a href="https://carpentries.org/about/" class="external-link">About</a></p>
 			</div>
 			<div class="col-md-6">
-        
+
         <p>Materials licensed under <a href="LICENSE.html">CC-BY 4.0</a> by the authors</p>
-        
+
         <p>Template licensed under <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/" class="external-link">CC-BY 4.0</a> by <a href="https://carpentries.org/" class="external-link">The Carpentries</a></p>
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-  "dateModified": "2024-07-02",
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+++ b/instructor/introduction-r-rstudio.html
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@
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       <hr></nav><main id="main-content" class="main-content"><div class="container lesson-content">
         <h1>Introduction to R and RStudio</h1>
-        <p>Last updated on 2024-07-02 |
-        
+        <p>Last updated on 2024-07-08 |
+
         <a href="https://github.com/datacarpentry/R-ecology-lesson-alternative/edit/main/episodes/introduction-r-rstudio.Rmd" class="external-link">Edit this page <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="edit"></i></a></p>
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+<section><h2 class="section-heading" id="what-are-r-and-rstudio">What are R and RStudio?<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#what-are-r-and-rstudio"></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#what-are-r-and-rstudio"></a></h2>
 <hr class="half-width"><p>R refers to a programming language as well as the software that runs
 R code.</p>
 <p><a href="https://rstudio.com" class="external-link">RStudio</a> is a software interface
@@ -353,15 +353,15 @@ <h3 class="card-title">Objectives</h3>
 software. It’s a very popular platform, and RStudio also maintains the
 <a href="https://www.tidyverse.org/" class="external-link"><code>tidyverse</code></a> series
 of packages we will use in this lesson.</p>
-</section><section id="why-learn-r"><h2 class="section-heading">Why learn R?<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#why-learn-r"></a>
-</h2>
+</section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="why-learn-r">Why learn R?<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#why-learn-r"></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#why-learn-r"></a></h2>
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 <p>You’re working on a project when your advisor suggests that you begin
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@@ -500,8 +500,8 @@ <h3 id="not-only-is-r-free-but-it-is-also-open-source-and-cross-platform">Not on
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 someone else) find some, you can report and fix bugs.</p>
 </div>
-</section><section id="navigating-rstudio"><h2 class="section-heading">Navigating RStudio<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#navigating-rstudio"></a>
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+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#navigating-rstudio"></a></h2>
 <hr class="half-width"><p>We will use the RStudio integrated development environment (IDE) to
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@@ -539,8 +539,8 @@ <h3 id="not-only-is-r-free-but-it-is-also-open-source-and-cross-platform">Not on
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+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#getting-set-up-in-rstudio"></a></h2>
 <hr class="half-width"><p>It is a good practice to organize your projects into self-contained
 folders right from the start, so we will start building that habit now.
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@@ -592,14 +592,14 @@ <h3 id="not-only-is-r-free-but-it-is-also-open-source-and-cross-platform">Not on
 as files. We want to get used to everything we generate in a single R
 session being <em>disposable</em>. We want our scripts to be able to
 regenerate things we need, other than “raw materials” like data.</p>
-</section><section id="organizing-your-project-directory"><h2 class="section-heading">Organizing your project directory<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#organizing-your-project-directory"></a>
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 <p>If you are teaching remotely and sharing only the RStudio window, the
 new windows that pop up while creating folders will not be shared via
@@ -656,8 +656,8 @@ <h3 class="accordion-header" id="headingInstructor2">  <div class="note-square">
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-</h2>
+</section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="working-in-r-and-rstudio">Working in R and RStudio<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#working-in-r-and-rstudio"></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#working-in-r-and-rstudio"></a></h2>
 <hr class="half-width"><p>The basis of programming is that we write down instructions for the
 computer to follow, and then we tell the computer to follow those
 instructions. We write these instructions in the form of <em>code</em>,
@@ -760,7 +760,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
           Home
         </a>
         <a class="chapter-link float-end" href="../instructor/visualizing-ggplot.html" rel="next">
-          Next: Data visualization... 
+          Next: Data visualization...
           <i aria-hidden="true" class="small-arrow" data-feather="arrow-right"></i>
         </a>
       </div>
@@ -771,18 +771,18 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
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         <p>This lesson is subject to the <a href="CODE_OF_CONDUCT.html">Code of Conduct</a></p>
         <p>
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+
         <a href="https://github.com/datacarpentry/R-ecology-lesson-alternative/edit/main/episodes/introduction-r-rstudio.Rmd" class="external-link">Edit on GitHub</a>
-        
+
 	
         | <a href="https://github.com/datacarpentry/R-ecology-lesson-alternative/blob/main/CONTRIBUTING.md" class="external-link">Contributing</a>
         | <a href="https://github.com/datacarpentry/R-ecology-lesson-alternative/" class="external-link">Source</a></p>
 				<p><a href="https://github.com/datacarpentry/R-ecology-lesson-alternative/blob/main/CITATION" class="external-link">Cite</a> | <a href="mailto:team@carpentries.org">Contact</a> | <a href="https://carpentries.org/about/" class="external-link">About</a></p>
 			</div>
 			<div class="col-md-6">
-        
+
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-        
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         <p>Template licensed under <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/" class="external-link">CC-BY 4.0</a> by <a href="https://carpentries.org/" class="external-link">The Carpentries</a></p>
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-  "dateModified": "2024-07-02",
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 <div class="col-md-6">
         <p>This lesson is subject to the <a href="CODE_OF_CONDUCT.html">Code of Conduct</a></p>
         <p>
-        
+
         <a href="https://github.com/datacarpentry/R-ecology-lesson-alternative/edit/main/README.md" class="external-link">Edit on GitHub</a>
-        
+
 	
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 				<p><a href="https://github.com/datacarpentry/R-ecology-lesson-alternative/blob/main/CITATION" class="external-link">Cite</a> | <a href="mailto:team@carpentries.org">Contact</a> | <a href="https://carpentries.org/about/" class="external-link">About</a></p>
 			</div>
 			<div class="col-md-6">
-        
+
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+
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         <a href="index.html">Summary and Schedule</a>
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         <p>This lesson is subject to the <a href="CODE_OF_CONDUCT.html">Code of Conduct</a></p>
         <p>
-        
+
         <a href="https://github.com/datacarpentry/R-ecology-lesson-alternative/edit/main/README.md" class="external-link">Edit on GitHub</a>
-        
+
 	
         | <a href="https://github.com/datacarpentry/R-ecology-lesson-alternative/blob/main/CONTRIBUTING.md" class="external-link">Contributing</a>
         | <a href="https://github.com/datacarpentry/R-ecology-lesson-alternative/" class="external-link">Source</a></p>
 				<p><a href="https://github.com/datacarpentry/R-ecology-lesson-alternative/blob/main/CITATION" class="external-link">Cite</a> | <a href="mailto:team@carpentries.org">Contact</a> | <a href="https://carpentries.org/about/" class="external-link">About</a></p>
 			</div>
 			<div class="col-md-6">
-        
+
         <p>Materials licensed under <a href="LICENSE.html">CC-BY 4.0</a> by the authors</p>
-        
+
         <p>Template licensed under <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/" class="external-link">CC-BY 4.0</a> by <a href="https://carpentries.org/" class="external-link">The Carpentries</a></p>
         <p>Built with <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/sandpaper/tree/0.16.5" class="external-link">sandpaper (0.16.5)</a>, <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/pegboard/tree/0.7.6" class="external-link">pegboard (0.7.6)</a>, and <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/varnish/tree/1.0.3" class="external-link">varnish (1.0.3)</a></p>
 			</div>
@@ -318,8 +318,8 @@ <h1>Learner Profiles</h1>
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   "identifier": "https://datacarpentry.github.io/R-ecology-lesson-alternative/instructor/profiles.html",
   "dateCreated": "2015-04-02",
-  "dateModified": "2024-07-02",
-  "datePublished": "2024-07-02"
+  "dateModified": "2024-07-08",
+  "datePublished": "2024-07-08"
 }
 
   </script><script>
diff --git a/instructor/reference.html b/instructor/reference.html
index 9cc23981..c8734457 100644
--- a/instructor/reference.html
+++ b/instructor/reference.html
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@
             </li>
           </ul></li>
       </div>
-      
+
       <div class="dropdown" id="instructor-dropdown">
         <button class="btn btn-secondary dropdown-toggle bordered-button" type="button" id="dropdownMenu1" data-bs-toggle="dropdown" aria-expanded="false">
           <i aria-hidden="true" class="icon" data-feather="eye"></i> Instructor View <i data-feather="chevron-down"></i>
@@ -170,7 +170,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header" id="flush-headingNine">
                 </div><!--/div.accordion-flush-->
               </div><!--div.sidenav-view-selector -->
             </div><!--/div.col -->
-      
+
             <hr></div><!--/div.mobile-row -->
 
           <div class="accordion accordion-flush" id="accordionFlush11">
@@ -189,7 +189,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
     <div class="accordion-header" id="flush-heading1">
         <a href="index.html">Summary and Schedule</a>
     </div><!--/div.accordion-header-->
-        
+
   </div><!--/div.accordion-item-->
 </div><!--/div.accordion-flush-->
 
@@ -198,7 +198,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
     <div class="accordion-header" id="flush-heading2">
         <a href="introduction-r-rstudio.html">1. Introduction to R and RStudio</a>
     </div><!--/div.accordion-header-->
-        
+
   </div><!--/div.accordion-item-->
 </div><!--/div.accordion-flush-->
 
@@ -207,7 +207,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
     <div class="accordion-header" id="flush-heading3">
         <a href="visualizing-ggplot.html">2. Data visualization with ggplot2</a>
     </div><!--/div.accordion-header-->
-        
+
   </div><!--/div.accordion-item-->
 </div><!--/div.accordion-flush-->
 
@@ -216,7 +216,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
     <div class="accordion-header" id="flush-heading4">
         <a href="how-r-thinks-about-data.html">3. Exploring and understanding data</a>
     </div><!--/div.accordion-header-->
-        
+
   </div><!--/div.accordion-item-->
 </div><!--/div.accordion-flush-->
 
@@ -225,7 +225,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
     <div class="accordion-header" id="flush-heading5">
         <a href="working-with-data.html">4. Working with data</a>
     </div><!--/div.accordion-header-->
-        
+
   </div><!--/div.accordion-item-->
 </div><!--/div.accordion-flush-->
 
@@ -257,10 +257,10 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header" id="flush-headingTwelve">
               </div>
             </div>
             <hr class="half-width resources"><a href="../instructor/aio.html">See all in one page</a>
-            
+
 
             <hr class="d-none d-sm-block d-md-none"><div class="d-grid gap-1">
-            
+
             </div>
           </div><!-- /div.accordion -->
         </div><!-- /div.sidebar-inner -->
@@ -287,14 +287,14 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header" id="flush-headingTwelve">
       </div>
       <hr></nav><main id="main-content" class="main-content"><div class="container lesson-content">
         <h1>Learners' Reference</h1>
-        <p>Last updated on 2024-07-02 |
-        
+        <p>Last updated on 2024-07-08 |
+
         <a href="https://github.com/datacarpentry/R-ecology-lesson-alternative/edit/main/learners/reference.md" class="external-link">Edit this page <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="edit"></i></a></p>
-        
-        
-        
-        
-        
+
+
+
+
+
         <div class="text-end">
           <button role="button" aria-pressed="false" tabindex="0" id="expand-code" class="pull-right" data-expand="Expand All Solutions " data-collapse="Collapse All Solutions "> Expand All Solutions <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="plus"></i></button>
         </div>
@@ -302,8 +302,8 @@ <h1>Learners' Reference</h1>
         
 
 <p>Cheat sheet of functions used in the lessons</p>
-<section id="lesson-1-introduction-to-r"><h2 class="section-heading">Lesson 1 – Introduction to R<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#lesson-1-introduction-to-r"></a>
-</h2>
+<section><h2 class="section-heading" id="lesson-1-introduction-to-r">Lesson 1 – Introduction to R<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#lesson-1-introduction-to-r"></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#lesson-1-introduction-to-r"></a></h2>
 <hr class="half-width"><ul><li>
 <code>sqrt()</code> # calculate the square root</li>
 <li>
@@ -333,8 +333,8 @@ <h1>Learners' Reference</h1>
 <li>
 <code>complete.cases()</code># elements which are complete
 cases</li>
-</ul></section><section id="lesson-2-starting-with-data"><h2 class="section-heading">Lesson 2 – Starting with data<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#lesson-2-starting-with-data"></a>
-</h2>
+</ul></section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="lesson-2-starting-with-data">Lesson 2 – Starting with data<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#lesson-2-starting-with-data"></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#lesson-2-starting-with-data"></a></h2>
 <hr class="half-width"><ul><li>
 <code>download.file()</code> # download files from the internet to
 your computer</li>
@@ -395,9 +395,9 @@ <h1>Learners' Reference</h1>
 <li>
 <code>paste()</code> # concatenate vectors after converting to
 character</li>
-</ul></section><section id="lesson-3-manipulating-analyzing-and-exporting-data-with-tidyverse"><h2 class="section-heading">Lesson 3 – Manipulating, analyzing and exporting data with
+</ul></section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="lesson-3-manipulating-analyzing-and-exporting-data-with-tidyverse">Lesson 3 – Manipulating, analyzing and exporting data with
 tidyverse<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#lesson-3-manipulating-analyzing-and-exporting-data-with-tidyverse"></a>
-</h2>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#lesson-3-manipulating-analyzing-and-exporting-data-with-tidyverse"></a></h2>
 <hr class="half-width"><ul><li>
 <code>str()</code> # check structure of the object and information
 about the class, length and content of each column</li>
@@ -448,8 +448,8 @@ <h1>Learners' Reference</h1>
 <code>n_distinct()</code> # get a count of unique values</li>
 <li>
 <code>write_csv()</code> # save to a csv formatted file</li>
-</ul></section><section id="lesson-4-data-visualization-with-ggplot2"><h2 class="section-heading">Lesson 4 – Data visualization with ggplot2<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#lesson-4-data-visualization-with-ggplot2"></a>
-</h2>
+</ul></section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="lesson-4-data-visualization-with-ggplot2">Lesson 4 – Data visualization with ggplot2<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#lesson-4-data-visualization-with-ggplot2"></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#lesson-4-data-visualization-with-ggplot2"></a></h2>
 <hr class="half-width"><ul><li>
 <code>read_csv()</code> # load a csv formatted file into R
 memory</li>
@@ -481,8 +481,8 @@ <h1>Learners' Reference</h1>
 plots in a patchwork of plots</li>
 <li>
 <code>ggsave()</code> # save a ggplot</li>
-</ul></section><section id="lesson-5-sql-databases-and-r"><h2 class="section-heading">Lesson 5 – SQL databases and R<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#lesson-5-sql-databases-and-r"></a>
-</h2>
+</ul></section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="lesson-5-sql-databases-and-r">Lesson 5 – SQL databases and R<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#lesson-5-sql-databases-and-r"></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#lesson-5-sql-databases-and-r"></a></h2>
 <hr class="half-width"><ul><li>
 <code>dir.create()</code> # create a directory</li>
 <li>
@@ -538,18 +538,18 @@ <h1>Learners' Reference</h1>
       		<footer class="row footer mx-md-3"><hr><div class="col-md-6">
         <p>This lesson is subject to the <a href="CODE_OF_CONDUCT.html">Code of Conduct</a></p>
         <p>
-        
+
         <a href="https://github.com/datacarpentry/R-ecology-lesson-alternative/edit/main/learners/reference.md" class="external-link">Edit on GitHub</a>
-        
+
 	
         | <a href="https://github.com/datacarpentry/R-ecology-lesson-alternative/blob/main/CONTRIBUTING.md" class="external-link">Contributing</a>
         | <a href="https://github.com/datacarpentry/R-ecology-lesson-alternative/" class="external-link">Source</a></p>
 				<p><a href="https://github.com/datacarpentry/R-ecology-lesson-alternative/blob/main/CITATION" class="external-link">Cite</a> | <a href="mailto:team@carpentries.org">Contact</a> | <a href="https://carpentries.org/about/" class="external-link">About</a></p>
 			</div>
 			<div class="col-md-6">
-        
+
         <p>Materials licensed under <a href="LICENSE.html">CC-BY 4.0</a> by the authors</p>
-        
+
         <p>Template licensed under <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/" class="external-link">CC-BY 4.0</a> by <a href="https://carpentries.org/" class="external-link">The Carpentries</a></p>
         <p>Built with <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/sandpaper/tree/0.16.5" class="external-link">sandpaper (0.16.5)</a>, <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/pegboard/tree/0.7.6" class="external-link">pegboard (0.7.6)</a>, and <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/varnish/tree/1.0.3" class="external-link">varnish (1.0.3)</a></p>
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@@ -573,8 +573,8 @@ <h1>Learners' Reference</h1>
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   "identifier": "https://datacarpentry.github.io/R-ecology-lesson-alternative/instructor/reference.html",
   "dateCreated": "2015-04-02",
-  "dateModified": "2024-07-02",
-  "datePublished": "2024-07-02"
+  "dateModified": "2024-07-08",
+  "datePublished": "2024-07-08"
 }
 
   </script><script>
diff --git a/instructor/visualizing-ggplot.html b/instructor/visualizing-ggplot.html
index a64a32b5..764ecf85 100644
--- a/instructor/visualizing-ggplot.html
+++ b/instructor/visualizing-ggplot.html
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@
             </li>
           </ul></li>
       </div>
-      
+
       <div class="dropdown" id="instructor-dropdown">
         <button class="btn btn-secondary dropdown-toggle bordered-button" type="button" id="dropdownMenu1" data-bs-toggle="dropdown" aria-expanded="false">
           <i aria-hidden="true" class="icon" data-feather="eye"></i> Instructor View <i data-feather="chevron-down"></i>
@@ -170,7 +170,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header" id="flush-headingNine">
                 </div><!--/div.accordion-flush-->
               </div><!--div.sidenav-view-selector -->
             </div><!--/div.col -->
-      
+
             <hr></div><!--/div.mobile-row -->
 
           <div class="accordion accordion-flush" id="accordionFlush11">
@@ -189,7 +189,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
     <div class="accordion-header" id="flush-heading1">
         <a href="index.html">Summary and Schedule</a>
     </div><!--/div.accordion-header-->
-        
+
   </div><!--/div.accordion-item-->
 </div><!--/div.accordion-flush-->
 
@@ -198,7 +198,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
     <div class="accordion-header" id="flush-heading2">
         <a href="introduction-r-rstudio.html">1. Introduction to R and RStudio</a>
     </div><!--/div.accordion-header-->
-        
+
   </div><!--/div.accordion-item-->
 </div><!--/div.accordion-flush-->
 
@@ -212,7 +212,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
         </span>
       </button>
     </div><!--/div.accordion-header-->
-        
+
     <div id="flush-collapsecurrent" class="accordion-collapse collapse show" aria-labelledby="flush-headingcurrent" data-bs-parent="#accordionFlushcurrent">
       <div class="accordion-body">
         <ul><li><a href="#setup">Setup</a></li>
@@ -227,7 +227,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
 <li><a href="#exporting-plots">Exporting plots</a></li>
         </ul></div><!--/div.accordion-body-->
     </div><!--/div.accordion-collapse-->
-        
+
   </div><!--/div.accordion-item-->
 </div><!--/div.accordion-flush-->
 
@@ -236,7 +236,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
     <div class="accordion-header" id="flush-heading4">
         <a href="how-r-thinks-about-data.html">3. Exploring and understanding data</a>
     </div><!--/div.accordion-header-->
-        
+
   </div><!--/div.accordion-item-->
 </div><!--/div.accordion-flush-->
 
@@ -245,7 +245,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
     <div class="accordion-header" id="flush-heading5">
         <a href="working-with-data.html">4. Working with data</a>
     </div><!--/div.accordion-header-->
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+
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 </div><!--/div.accordion-flush-->
 
@@ -277,10 +277,10 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header" id="flush-headingTwelve">
               </div>
             </div>
             <hr class="half-width resources"><a href="../instructor/aio.html">See all in one page</a>
-            
+
 
             <hr class="d-none d-sm-block d-md-none"><div class="d-grid gap-1">
-            
+
             </div>
           </div><!-- /div.accordion -->
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@@ -301,20 +301,20 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header" id="flush-headingTwelve">
           Previous: Introduction to R
         </a>
         <a class="chapter-link float-end" href="../instructor/how-r-thinks-about-data.html" rel="next">
-          Next: Exploring and... 
+          Next: Exploring and...
           <i aria-hidden="true" class="small-arrow" data-feather="arrow-right"></i>
         </a>
       </div>
       <hr></nav><main id="main-content" class="main-content"><div class="container lesson-content">
         <h1>Data visualization with ggplot2</h1>
-        <p>Last updated on 2024-07-02 |
-        
+        <p>Last updated on 2024-07-08 |
+
         <a href="https://github.com/datacarpentry/R-ecology-lesson-alternative/edit/main/episodes/visualizing-ggplot.Rmd" class="external-link">Edit this page <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="edit"></i></a></p>
-        
-        
-        
+
+
+
         <p>Estimated time: <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="clock"></i> 94 minutes</p>
-        
+
         <div class="text-end">
           <button role="button" aria-pressed="false" tabindex="0" id="expand-code" class="pull-right" data-expand="Expand All Solutions " data-collapse="Collapse All Solutions "> Expand All Solutions <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="plus"></i></button>
         </div>
@@ -352,8 +352,8 @@ <h3 class="card-title">Objectives</h3>
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
-<section id="setup"><h2 class="section-heading">Setup<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#setup"></a>
-</h2>
+<section><h2 class="section-heading" id="setup">Setup<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#setup"></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#setup"></a></h2>
 <hr class="half-width"><p>We are going to be using <strong>functions</strong> from the
 <strong><code>ggplot2</code></strong> package to create visualizations
 of data. Functions are predefined bits of code that automate more
@@ -464,8 +464,8 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <strong>chr</strong> for character), and the first 10 entries in that
 variable. We will talk more about different data types and structures
 later on.</p>
-</section><section id="plotting-with-ggplot2"><h2 class="section-heading">Plotting with <strong><code>ggplot2</code></strong><a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#plotting-with-ggplot2"></a>
-</h2>
+</section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="plotting-with-ggplot2">Plotting with <strong><code>ggplot2</code></strong><a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#plotting-with-ggplot2"></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#plotting-with-ggplot2"></a></h2>
 <hr class="half-width"><div id="accordionInstructor1" class="accordion instructor-note accordion-flush">
 <div class="accordion-item">
 <button class="accordion-button instructor-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseInstructor1" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseInstructor1">
@@ -611,8 +611,8 @@ <h3 class="code-label">ERROR<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
-</section><section id="changing-aesthetics"><h2 class="section-heading">Changing aesthetics<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#changing-aesthetics"></a>
-</h2>
+</section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="changing-aesthetics">Changing aesthetics<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#changing-aesthetics"></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#changing-aesthetics"></a></h2>
 <hr class="half-width"><p>Building <strong><code>ggplot</code></strong> plots is often an
 iterative process, so we’ll continue developing the scatter plot we just
 made. You may have noticed that parts of our scatter plot have many
@@ -775,8 +775,8 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
-</section><section id="changing-scales"><h2 class="section-heading">Changing scales<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#changing-scales"></a>
-</h2>
+</section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="changing-scales">Changing scales<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#changing-scales"></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#changing-scales"></a></h2>
 <hr class="half-width"><p>The default discrete color scale isn’t always ideal: it isn’t
 friendly to viewers with colorblindness and it doesn’t translate well to
 grayscale. However, <strong><code>ggplot2</code></strong> comes with
@@ -811,8 +811,8 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 similar things are given similar names. Any function that modifies a
 <code>ggplot</code> scale starts with <code>scale_</code>, making it
 easier to search for the right function.</p>
-</section><section id="boxplot"><h2 class="section-heading">Boxplot<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#boxplot"></a>
-</h2>
+</section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="boxplot">Boxplot<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#boxplot"></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#boxplot"></a></h2>
 <hr class="half-width"><p>Let’s try making a different type of plot altogether. We’ll start off
 with our same basic building blocks using <code>ggplot()</code> and
 <code>aes()</code>.</p>
@@ -888,8 +888,8 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 <figure><img src="../fig/visualizing-ggplot-rendered-boxplot-label-wrap-1.png" width="600" height="600" style="display: block; margin: auto;" class="figure mx-auto d-block"></figure></div>
 </div>
 </div>
-</section><section id="adding-geoms"><h2 class="section-heading">Adding geoms<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#adding-geoms"></a>
-</h2>
+</section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="adding-geoms">Adding geoms<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#adding-geoms"></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#adding-geoms"></a></h2>
 <hr class="half-width"><p>One of the most powerful aspects of
 <strong><code>ggplot</code></strong> is the way we can add components to
 a plot in successive layers. While boxplots can be very useful for
@@ -1068,8 +1068,8 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
-</section><section id="changing-themes"><h2 class="section-heading">Changing themes<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#changing-themes"></a>
-</h2>
+</section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="changing-themes">Changing themes<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#changing-themes"></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#changing-themes"></a></h2>
 <hr class="half-width"><p>So far we’ve been changing the appearance of parts of our plot
 related to our data and the <code>geom_</code> functions, but we can
 also change many of the non-data components of our plot.</p>
@@ -1238,8 +1238,8 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Callout<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#ca
 </ol></div>
 </div>
 </div>
-</section><section id="changing-labels"><h2 class="section-heading">Changing labels<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#changing-labels"></a>
-</h2>
+</section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="changing-labels">Changing labels<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#changing-labels"></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#changing-labels"></a></h2>
 <hr class="half-width"><p>Our plot is really shaping up now. However, we probably want to make
 our axis titles nicer, and perhaps add a main title to the plot. We can
 do this using the <code>labs()</code> function:</p>
@@ -1297,8 +1297,8 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
-</section><section id="faceting"><h2 class="section-heading">Faceting<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#faceting"></a>
-</h2>
+</section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="faceting">Faceting<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#faceting"></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#faceting"></a></h2>
 <hr class="half-width"><p>One of the most powerful features of
 <strong><code>ggplot</code></strong> is the ability to quickly split a
 plot into multiple smaller plots based on a categorical variable, which
@@ -1345,8 +1345,8 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Callout<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#ca
 </ul></div>
 </div>
 </div>
-</section><section id="exporting-plots"><h2 class="section-heading">Exporting plots<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#exporting-plots"></a>
-</h2>
+</section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="exporting-plots">Exporting plots<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#exporting-plots"></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#exporting-plots"></a></h2>
 <hr class="half-width"><p>Once we are happy with our final plot, we can assign the whole thing
 to a new object, which we can call <code>finalplot</code>.</p>
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb49">
@@ -1434,7 +1434,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
           Previous: Introduction to R
         </a>
         <a class="chapter-link float-end" href="../instructor/how-r-thinks-about-data.html" rel="next">
-          Next: Exploring and... 
+          Next: Exploring and...
           <i aria-hidden="true" class="small-arrow" data-feather="arrow-right"></i>
         </a>
       </div>
@@ -1445,18 +1445,18 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
       		<footer class="row footer mx-md-3"><hr><div class="col-md-6">
         <p>This lesson is subject to the <a href="CODE_OF_CONDUCT.html">Code of Conduct</a></p>
         <p>
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+
         <a href="https://github.com/datacarpentry/R-ecology-lesson-alternative/edit/main/episodes/visualizing-ggplot.Rmd" class="external-link">Edit on GitHub</a>
-        
+
 	
         | <a href="https://github.com/datacarpentry/R-ecology-lesson-alternative/blob/main/CONTRIBUTING.md" class="external-link">Contributing</a>
         | <a href="https://github.com/datacarpentry/R-ecology-lesson-alternative/" class="external-link">Source</a></p>
 				<p><a href="https://github.com/datacarpentry/R-ecology-lesson-alternative/blob/main/CITATION" class="external-link">Cite</a> | <a href="mailto:team@carpentries.org">Contact</a> | <a href="https://carpentries.org/about/" class="external-link">About</a></p>
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 			<div class="col-md-6">
-        
+
         <p>Materials licensed under <a href="LICENSE.html">CC-BY 4.0</a> by the authors</p>
-        
+
         <p>Template licensed under <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/" class="external-link">CC-BY 4.0</a> by <a href="https://carpentries.org/" class="external-link">The Carpentries</a></p>
         <p>Built with <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/sandpaper/tree/0.16.5" class="external-link">sandpaper (0.16.5)</a>, <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/pegboard/tree/0.7.6" class="external-link">pegboard (0.7.6)</a>, and <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/varnish/tree/1.0.3" class="external-link">varnish (1.0.3)</a></p>
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@@ -1480,8 +1480,8 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
   "url": "https://datacarpentry.github.io/R-ecology-lesson-alternative/instructor/visualizing-ggplot.html",
   "identifier": "https://datacarpentry.github.io/R-ecology-lesson-alternative/instructor/visualizing-ggplot.html",
   "dateCreated": "2015-04-02",
-  "dateModified": "2024-07-02",
-  "datePublished": "2024-07-02"
+  "dateModified": "2024-07-08",
+  "datePublished": "2024-07-08"
 }
 
   </script><script>
diff --git a/instructor/working-with-data.html b/instructor/working-with-data.html
index 59d6d2b5..87fe3856 100644
--- a/instructor/working-with-data.html
+++ b/instructor/working-with-data.html
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@
             </li>
           </ul></li>
       </div>
-      
+
       <div class="dropdown" id="instructor-dropdown">
         <button class="btn btn-secondary dropdown-toggle bordered-button" type="button" id="dropdownMenu1" data-bs-toggle="dropdown" aria-expanded="false">
           <i aria-hidden="true" class="icon" data-feather="eye"></i> Instructor View <i data-feather="chevron-down"></i>
@@ -170,7 +170,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header" id="flush-headingNine">
                 </div><!--/div.accordion-flush-->
               </div><!--div.sidenav-view-selector -->
             </div><!--/div.col -->
-      
+
             <hr></div><!--/div.mobile-row -->
 
           <div class="accordion accordion-flush" id="accordionFlush11">
@@ -189,7 +189,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
     <div class="accordion-header" id="flush-heading1">
         <a href="index.html">Summary and Schedule</a>
     </div><!--/div.accordion-header-->
-        
+
   </div><!--/div.accordion-item-->
 </div><!--/div.accordion-flush-->
 
@@ -198,7 +198,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
     <div class="accordion-header" id="flush-heading2">
         <a href="introduction-r-rstudio.html">1. Introduction to R and RStudio</a>
     </div><!--/div.accordion-header-->
-        
+
   </div><!--/div.accordion-item-->
 </div><!--/div.accordion-flush-->
 
@@ -207,7 +207,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
     <div class="accordion-header" id="flush-heading3">
         <a href="visualizing-ggplot.html">2. Data visualization with ggplot2</a>
     </div><!--/div.accordion-header-->
-        
+
   </div><!--/div.accordion-item-->
 </div><!--/div.accordion-flush-->
 
@@ -216,7 +216,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
     <div class="accordion-header" id="flush-heading4">
         <a href="how-r-thinks-about-data.html">3. Exploring and understanding data</a>
     </div><!--/div.accordion-header-->
-        
+
   </div><!--/div.accordion-item-->
 </div><!--/div.accordion-flush-->
 
@@ -230,7 +230,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
         </span>
       </button>
     </div><!--/div.accordion-header-->
-        
+
     <div id="flush-collapsecurrent" class="accordion-collapse collapse show" aria-labelledby="flush-headingcurrent" data-bs-parent="#accordionFlushcurrent">
       <div class="accordion-body">
         <ul><li><a href="#importing-data">Importing data</a></li>
@@ -242,7 +242,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
 <li><a href="#exporting-data">Exporting data</a></li>
         </ul></div><!--/div.accordion-body-->
     </div><!--/div.accordion-collapse-->
-        
+
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@@ -274,10 +274,10 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header" id="flush-headingTwelve">
               </div>
             </div>
             <hr class="half-width resources"><a href="../instructor/aio.html">See all in one page</a>
-            
+
 
             <hr class="d-none d-sm-block d-md-none"><div class="d-grid gap-1">
-            
+
             </div>
           </div><!-- /div.accordion -->
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@@ -304,14 +304,14 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header" id="flush-headingTwelve">
       </div>
       <hr></nav><main id="main-content" class="main-content"><div class="container lesson-content">
         <h1>Working with data</h1>
-        <p>Last updated on 2024-07-02 |
-        
+        <p>Last updated on 2024-07-08 |
+
         <a href="https://github.com/datacarpentry/R-ecology-lesson-alternative/edit/main/episodes/working-with-data.Rmd" class="external-link">Edit this page <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="edit"></i></a></p>
-        
-        
-        
+
+
+
         <p>Estimated time: <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="clock"></i> 124 minutes</p>
-        
+
         <div class="text-end">
           <button role="button" aria-pressed="false" tabindex="0" id="expand-code" class="pull-right" data-expand="Expand All Solutions " data-collapse="Collapse All Solutions "> Expand All Solutions <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="plus"></i></button>
         </div>
@@ -353,8 +353,8 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
 <code class="sourceCode R"><span><span class="kw">library</span><span class="op">(</span><span class="va">tidyverse</span><span class="op">)</span></span></code></pre>
 </div>
-<section id="importing-data"><h2 class="section-heading">Importing data<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#importing-data"></a>
-</h2>
+<section><h2 class="section-heading" id="importing-data">Importing data<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#importing-data"></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#importing-data"></a></h2>
 <hr class="half-width"><p>Up until this point, we have been working with the
 <code>complete_old</code> dataframe contained in the <code>ratdat</code>
 package. However, you typically won’t access data from an R package; it
@@ -496,8 +496,8 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Callout<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#ca
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
-</section><section id="manipulating-data"><h2 class="section-heading">Manipulating data<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#manipulating-data"></a>
-</h2>
+</section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="manipulating-data">Manipulating data<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#manipulating-data"></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#manipulating-data"></a></h2>
 <hr class="half-width"><p>One of the most important skills for working with data in R is the
 ability to manipulate, modify, and reshape data. The <code>dplyr</code>
 and <code>tidyr</code> packages in the <code>tidyverse</code> provide a
@@ -568,17 +568,17 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 </h3>
 <pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code># A tibble: 16,878 × 11
    month   day plot_id species_id sex   hindfoot_length weight genus     species
-   &lt;dbl&gt; &lt;dbl&gt;   &lt;dbl&gt; &lt;chr&gt;      &lt;chr&gt;           &lt;dbl&gt;  &lt;dbl&gt; &lt;chr&gt;     &lt;chr&gt;  
+   &lt;dbl&gt; &lt;dbl&gt;   &lt;dbl&gt; &lt;chr&gt;      &lt;chr&gt;           &lt;dbl&gt;  &lt;dbl&gt; &lt;chr&gt;     &lt;chr&gt;
  1     7    16       2 NL         M                  32     NA Neotoma   albigu…
  2     7    16       3 NL         M                  33     NA Neotoma   albigu…
  3     7    16       2 DM         F                  37     NA Dipodomys merria…
  4     7    16       7 DM         M                  36     NA Dipodomys merria…
  5     7    16       3 DM         M                  35     NA Dipodomys merria…
- 6     7    16       1 PF         M                  14     NA Perognat… flavus 
+ 6     7    16       1 PF         M                  14     NA Perognat… flavus
  7     7    16       2 PE         F                  NA     NA Peromysc… eremic…
  8     7    16       1 DM         M                  37     NA Dipodomys merria…
  9     7    16       1 DM         F                  34     NA Dipodomys merria…
-10     7    16       6 PF         F                  20     NA Perognat… flavus 
+10     7    16       6 PF         F                  20     NA Perognat… flavus
 # ℹ 16,868 more rows
 # ℹ 2 more variables: taxa &lt;chr&gt;, plot_type &lt;chr&gt;</code></pre>
 </div>
@@ -595,17 +595,17 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code># A tibble: 16,878 × 4
-     day  year plot_id genus      
-   &lt;dbl&gt; &lt;dbl&gt;   &lt;dbl&gt; &lt;chr&gt;      
- 1    16  1977       2 Neotoma    
- 2    16  1977       3 Neotoma    
- 3    16  1977       2 Dipodomys  
- 4    16  1977       7 Dipodomys  
- 5    16  1977       3 Dipodomys  
+     day  year plot_id genus
+   &lt;dbl&gt; &lt;dbl&gt;   &lt;dbl&gt; &lt;chr&gt;
+ 1    16  1977       2 Neotoma
+ 2    16  1977       3 Neotoma
+ 3    16  1977       2 Dipodomys
+ 4    16  1977       7 Dipodomys
+ 5    16  1977       3 Dipodomys
  6    16  1977       1 Perognathus
- 7    16  1977       2 Peromyscus 
- 8    16  1977       1 Dipodomys  
- 9    16  1977       1 Dipodomys  
+ 7    16  1977       2 Peromyscus
+ 8    16  1977       1 Dipodomys
+ 9    16  1977       1 Dipodomys
 10    16  1977       6 Perognathus
 # ℹ 16,868 more rows</code></pre>
 </div>
@@ -657,8 +657,8 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code># A tibble: 16,878 × 7
-   species_id sex   hindfoot_length weight genus       species  taxa  
-   &lt;chr&gt;      &lt;chr&gt;           &lt;dbl&gt;  &lt;dbl&gt; &lt;chr&gt;       &lt;chr&gt;    &lt;chr&gt; 
+   species_id sex   hindfoot_length weight genus       species  taxa
+   &lt;chr&gt;      &lt;chr&gt;           &lt;dbl&gt;  &lt;dbl&gt; &lt;chr&gt;       &lt;chr&gt;    &lt;chr&gt;
  1 NL         M                  32     NA Neotoma     albigula Rodent
  2 NL         M                  33     NA Neotoma     albigula Rodent
  3 DM         F                  37     NA Dipodomys   merriami Rodent
@@ -825,8 +825,8 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
-</section><section id="the-pipe"><h2 class="section-heading">The pipe: <code>%&gt;%</code><a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#the-pipe"></a>
-</h2>
+</section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="the-pipe">The pipe: <code>%&gt;%</code><a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#the-pipe"></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#the-pipe"></a></h2>
 <hr class="half-width"><p>What happens if we want to both <code>select()</code> and
 <code>filter()</code> our data? We have a couple options. First, we
 could use <strong>nested</strong> functions:</p>
@@ -840,8 +840,8 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code># A tibble: 8,244 × 12
-   record_id month  year plot_id species_id sex   hindfoot_length weight genus  
-       &lt;dbl&gt; &lt;dbl&gt; &lt;dbl&gt;   &lt;dbl&gt; &lt;chr&gt;      &lt;chr&gt;           &lt;dbl&gt;  &lt;dbl&gt; &lt;chr&gt;  
+   record_id month  year plot_id species_id sex   hindfoot_length weight genus
+       &lt;dbl&gt; &lt;dbl&gt; &lt;dbl&gt;   &lt;dbl&gt; &lt;chr&gt;      &lt;chr&gt;           &lt;dbl&gt;  &lt;dbl&gt; &lt;chr&gt;
  1         1     7  1977       2 NL         M                  32     NA Neotoma
  2         2     7  1977       3 NL         M                  33     NA Neotoma
  3         3     7  1977       2 DM         F                  37     NA Dipodo…
@@ -875,8 +875,8 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code># A tibble: 8,244 × 12
-   record_id month  year plot_id species_id sex   hindfoot_length weight genus  
-       &lt;dbl&gt; &lt;dbl&gt; &lt;dbl&gt;   &lt;dbl&gt; &lt;chr&gt;      &lt;chr&gt;           &lt;dbl&gt;  &lt;dbl&gt; &lt;chr&gt;  
+   record_id month  year plot_id species_id sex   hindfoot_length weight genus
+       &lt;dbl&gt; &lt;dbl&gt; &lt;dbl&gt;   &lt;dbl&gt; &lt;chr&gt;      &lt;chr&gt;           &lt;dbl&gt;  &lt;dbl&gt; &lt;chr&gt;
  1         1     7  1977       2 NL         M                  32     NA Neotoma
  2         2     7  1977       3 NL         M                  33     NA Neotoma
  3         3     7  1977       2 DM         F                  37     NA Dipodo…
@@ -910,8 +910,8 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code># A tibble: 8,244 × 12
-   record_id month  year plot_id species_id sex   hindfoot_length weight genus  
-       &lt;dbl&gt; &lt;dbl&gt; &lt;dbl&gt;   &lt;dbl&gt; &lt;chr&gt;      &lt;chr&gt;           &lt;dbl&gt;  &lt;dbl&gt; &lt;chr&gt;  
+   record_id month  year plot_id species_id sex   hindfoot_length weight genus
+       &lt;dbl&gt; &lt;dbl&gt; &lt;dbl&gt;   &lt;dbl&gt; &lt;chr&gt;      &lt;chr&gt;           &lt;dbl&gt;  &lt;dbl&gt; &lt;chr&gt;
  1         1     7  1977       2 NL         M                  32     NA Neotoma
  2         2     7  1977       3 NL         M                  33     NA Neotoma
  3         3     7  1977       2 DM         F                  37     NA Dipodo…
@@ -1008,8 +1008,8 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
-</section><section id="making-new-columns-with-mutate"><h2 class="section-heading">Making new columns with <code>mutate()</code><a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#making-new-columns-with-mutate"></a>
-</h2>
+</section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="making-new-columns-with-mutate">Making new columns with <code>mutate()</code><a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#making-new-columns-with-mutate"></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#making-new-columns-with-mutate"></a></h2>
 <hr class="half-width"><p>Another common task is creating a new column based on values in
 existing columns. For example, we could add a new column that has the
 weight in kilograms instead of grams:</p>
@@ -1163,18 +1163,18 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code># A tibble: 16,878 × 14
-   record_id month   day  year date       plot_id species_id sex  
+   record_id month   day  year date       plot_id species_id sex
        &lt;dbl&gt; &lt;dbl&gt; &lt;dbl&gt; &lt;dbl&gt; &lt;date&gt;       &lt;dbl&gt; &lt;chr&gt;      &lt;chr&gt;
- 1         1     7    16  1977 1977-07-16       2 NL         M    
- 2         2     7    16  1977 1977-07-16       3 NL         M    
- 3         3     7    16  1977 1977-07-16       2 DM         F    
- 4         4     7    16  1977 1977-07-16       7 DM         M    
- 5         5     7    16  1977 1977-07-16       3 DM         M    
- 6         6     7    16  1977 1977-07-16       1 PF         M    
- 7         7     7    16  1977 1977-07-16       2 PE         F    
- 8         8     7    16  1977 1977-07-16       1 DM         M    
- 9         9     7    16  1977 1977-07-16       1 DM         F    
-10        10     7    16  1977 1977-07-16       6 PF         F    
+ 1         1     7    16  1977 1977-07-16       2 NL         M
+ 2         2     7    16  1977 1977-07-16       3 NL         M
+ 3         3     7    16  1977 1977-07-16       2 DM         F
+ 4         4     7    16  1977 1977-07-16       7 DM         M
+ 5         5     7    16  1977 1977-07-16       3 DM         M
+ 6         6     7    16  1977 1977-07-16       1 PF         M
+ 7         7     7    16  1977 1977-07-16       2 PE         F
+ 8         8     7    16  1977 1977-07-16       1 DM         M
+ 9         9     7    16  1977 1977-07-16       1 DM         F
+10        10     7    16  1977 1977-07-16       6 PF         F
 # ℹ 16,868 more rows
 # ℹ 6 more variables: hindfoot_length &lt;dbl&gt;, weight &lt;dbl&gt;, genus &lt;chr&gt;,
 #   species &lt;chr&gt;, taxa &lt;chr&gt;, plot_type &lt;chr&gt;</code></pre>
@@ -1192,18 +1192,18 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code># A tibble: 16,878 × 14
-   record_id month   day  year date       plot_id species_id sex  
+   record_id month   day  year date       plot_id species_id sex
        &lt;dbl&gt; &lt;dbl&gt; &lt;dbl&gt; &lt;dbl&gt; &lt;date&gt;       &lt;dbl&gt; &lt;chr&gt;      &lt;chr&gt;
- 1         1     7    16  1977 1977-07-16       2 NL         M    
- 2         2     7    16  1977 1977-07-16       3 NL         M    
- 3         3     7    16  1977 1977-07-16       2 DM         F    
- 4         4     7    16  1977 1977-07-16       7 DM         M    
- 5         5     7    16  1977 1977-07-16       3 DM         M    
- 6         6     7    16  1977 1977-07-16       1 PF         M    
- 7         7     7    16  1977 1977-07-16       2 PE         F    
- 8         8     7    16  1977 1977-07-16       1 DM         M    
- 9         9     7    16  1977 1977-07-16       1 DM         F    
-10        10     7    16  1977 1977-07-16       6 PF         F    
+ 1         1     7    16  1977 1977-07-16       2 NL         M
+ 2         2     7    16  1977 1977-07-16       3 NL         M
+ 3         3     7    16  1977 1977-07-16       2 DM         F
+ 4         4     7    16  1977 1977-07-16       7 DM         M
+ 5         5     7    16  1977 1977-07-16       3 DM         M
+ 6         6     7    16  1977 1977-07-16       1 PF         M
+ 7         7     7    16  1977 1977-07-16       2 PE         F
+ 8         8     7    16  1977 1977-07-16       1 DM         M
+ 9         9     7    16  1977 1977-07-16       1 DM         F
+10        10     7    16  1977 1977-07-16       6 PF         F
 # ℹ 16,868 more rows
 # ℹ 6 more variables: hindfoot_length &lt;dbl&gt;, weight &lt;dbl&gt;, genus &lt;chr&gt;,
 #   species &lt;chr&gt;, taxa &lt;chr&gt;, plot_type &lt;chr&gt;</code></pre>
@@ -1226,18 +1226,18 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code># A tibble: 16,878 × 14
-   record_id month   day  year date       plot_id species_id sex  
+   record_id month   day  year date       plot_id species_id sex
        &lt;dbl&gt; &lt;dbl&gt; &lt;dbl&gt; &lt;dbl&gt; &lt;date&gt;       &lt;dbl&gt; &lt;chr&gt;      &lt;chr&gt;
- 1         1     7    16  1977 1977-07-16       2 NL         M    
- 2         2     7    16  1977 1977-07-16       3 NL         M    
- 3         3     7    16  1977 1977-07-16       2 DM         F    
- 4         4     7    16  1977 1977-07-16       7 DM         M    
- 5         5     7    16  1977 1977-07-16       3 DM         M    
- 6         6     7    16  1977 1977-07-16       1 PF         M    
- 7         7     7    16  1977 1977-07-16       2 PE         F    
- 8         8     7    16  1977 1977-07-16       1 DM         M    
- 9         9     7    16  1977 1977-07-16       1 DM         F    
-10        10     7    16  1977 1977-07-16       6 PF         F    
+ 1         1     7    16  1977 1977-07-16       2 NL         M
+ 2         2     7    16  1977 1977-07-16       3 NL         M
+ 3         3     7    16  1977 1977-07-16       2 DM         F
+ 4         4     7    16  1977 1977-07-16       7 DM         M
+ 5         5     7    16  1977 1977-07-16       3 DM         M
+ 6         6     7    16  1977 1977-07-16       1 PF         M
+ 7         7     7    16  1977 1977-07-16       2 PE         F
+ 8         8     7    16  1977 1977-07-16       1 DM         M
+ 9         9     7    16  1977 1977-07-16       1 DM         F
+10        10     7    16  1977 1977-07-16       6 PF         F
 # ℹ 16,868 more rows
 # ℹ 6 more variables: hindfoot_length &lt;dbl&gt;, weight &lt;dbl&gt;, genus &lt;chr&gt;,
 #   species &lt;chr&gt;, taxa &lt;chr&gt;, plot_type &lt;chr&gt;</code></pre>
@@ -1256,18 +1256,18 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code># A tibble: 16,878 × 14
-   record_id month   day  year date       plot_id species_id sex  
+   record_id month   day  year date       plot_id species_id sex
        &lt;dbl&gt; &lt;dbl&gt; &lt;dbl&gt; &lt;dbl&gt; &lt;date&gt;       &lt;dbl&gt; &lt;chr&gt;      &lt;chr&gt;
- 1         1     7    16  1977 1977-07-16       2 NL         M    
- 2         2     7    16  1977 1977-07-16       3 NL         M    
- 3         3     7    16  1977 1977-07-16       2 DM         F    
- 4         4     7    16  1977 1977-07-16       7 DM         M    
- 5         5     7    16  1977 1977-07-16       3 DM         M    
- 6         6     7    16  1977 1977-07-16       1 PF         M    
- 7         7     7    16  1977 1977-07-16       2 PE         F    
- 8         8     7    16  1977 1977-07-16       1 DM         M    
- 9         9     7    16  1977 1977-07-16       1 DM         F    
-10        10     7    16  1977 1977-07-16       6 PF         F    
+ 1         1     7    16  1977 1977-07-16       2 NL         M
+ 2         2     7    16  1977 1977-07-16       3 NL         M
+ 3         3     7    16  1977 1977-07-16       2 DM         F
+ 4         4     7    16  1977 1977-07-16       7 DM         M
+ 5         5     7    16  1977 1977-07-16       3 DM         M
+ 6         6     7    16  1977 1977-07-16       1 PF         M
+ 7         7     7    16  1977 1977-07-16       2 PE         F
+ 8         8     7    16  1977 1977-07-16       1 DM         M
+ 9         9     7    16  1977 1977-07-16       1 DM         F
+10        10     7    16  1977 1977-07-16       6 PF         F
 # ℹ 16,868 more rows
 # ℹ 6 more variables: hindfoot_length &lt;dbl&gt;, weight &lt;dbl&gt;, genus &lt;chr&gt;,
 #   species &lt;chr&gt;, taxa &lt;chr&gt;, plot_type &lt;chr&gt;</code></pre>
@@ -1315,8 +1315,8 @@ <h3 class="code-label">WARNING<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left">
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
-</section><section id="the-split-apply-combine-approach"><h2 class="section-heading">The split-apply-combine approach<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#the-split-apply-combine-approach"></a>
-</h2>
+</section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="the-split-apply-combine-approach">The split-apply-combine approach<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#the-split-apply-combine-approach"></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#the-split-apply-combine-approach"></a></h2>
 <hr class="half-width"><p>Many data analysis tasks can be achieved using the
 split-apply-combine approach: you split the data into groups, apply some
 analysis to each group, and combine the results in some way.
@@ -1687,15 +1687,15 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 # Groups:   species_id, sex [46]
    species_id sex   weight mean_weight weight_diff
    &lt;chr&gt;      &lt;chr&gt;  &lt;dbl&gt;       &lt;dbl&gt;       &lt;dbl&gt;
- 1 DM         M         40       44.0      -4.00  
- 2 DM         M         48       44.0       4.00  
- 3 DM         F         29       40.7     -11.7   
- 4 DM         F         46       40.7       5.28  
- 5 DM         M         36       44.0      -8.00  
- 6 DO         F         52       48.4       3.63  
- 7 PF         M          8        7.10      0.902 
- 8 OX         F         22       21         1     
- 9 DM         F         35       40.7      -5.72  
+ 1 DM         M         40       44.0      -4.00
+ 2 DM         M         48       44.0       4.00
+ 3 DM         F         29       40.7     -11.7
+ 4 DM         F         46       40.7       5.28
+ 5 DM         M         36       44.0      -8.00
+ 6 DO         F         52       48.4       3.63
+ 7 PF         M          8        7.10      0.902
+ 8 OX         F         22       21         1
+ 9 DM         F         35       40.7      -5.72
 10 PF         M          7        7.10     -0.0980
 # ℹ 15,176 more rows</code></pre>
 </div>
@@ -1790,8 +1790,8 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
-</section><section id="reshaping-data-with-tidyr"><h2 class="section-heading">Reshaping data with <code>tidyr</code><a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#reshaping-data-with-tidyr"></a>
-</h2>
+</section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="reshaping-data-with-tidyr">Reshaping data with <code>tidyr</code><a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#reshaping-data-with-tidyr"></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#reshaping-data-with-tidyr"></a></h2>
 <hr class="half-width"><p>Let’s say we are interested in comparing the mean weights of each
 species across our different plots. We can begin this process using the
 <code>group_by()</code> + <code>summarize()</code> approach:</p>
@@ -1824,7 +1824,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 # Groups:   species_id [18]
    species_id plot_id mean_weight
    &lt;chr&gt;        &lt;dbl&gt;       &lt;dbl&gt;
- 1 BA               3         8  
+ 1 BA               3         8
  2 BA              21         6.5
  3 DM               1        42.7
  4 DM               2        42.6
@@ -1879,24 +1879,24 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 # Groups:   species_id [18]
    species_id    `3`   `21`    `1`    `2`    `4`   `5`    `6`   `7`    `8`
    &lt;chr&gt;       &lt;dbl&gt;  &lt;dbl&gt;  &lt;dbl&gt;  &lt;dbl&gt;  &lt;dbl&gt; &lt;dbl&gt;  &lt;dbl&gt; &lt;dbl&gt;  &lt;dbl&gt;
- 1 BA           8      6.5   NA     NA     NA     NA    NA     NA    NA   
- 2 DM          41.2   41.5   42.7   42.6   41.9   42.6  42.1   43.2  43.4 
- 3 DO          42.7   NA     50.1   50.3   46.8   50.4  49.0   52    49.2 
- 4 DS         128.    NA    129.   125.   118.   111.  114.   126.  128.  
- 5 NL         171.   136.   154.   171.   164.   192.  176.   170.  134.  
- 6 OL          32.1   28.6   35.5   34     33.0   32.6  31.8   NA    30.3 
- 7 OT          24.1   24.1   23.7   24.9   26.5   23.6  23.5   22    24.1 
- 8 OX          22     NA     NA     22     NA     20    NA     NA    NA   
- 9 PE          22.7   19.6   21.6   22.0   NA     21    21.6   22.8  19.4 
+ 1 BA           8      6.5   NA     NA     NA     NA    NA     NA    NA
+ 2 DM          41.2   41.5   42.7   42.6   41.9   42.6  42.1   43.2  43.4
+ 3 DO          42.7   NA     50.1   50.3   46.8   50.4  49.0   52    49.2
+ 4 DS         128.    NA    129.   125.   118.   111.  114.   126.  128.
+ 5 NL         171.   136.   154.   171.   164.   192.  176.   170.  134.
+ 6 OL          32.1   28.6   35.5   34     33.0   32.6  31.8   NA    30.3
+ 7 OT          24.1   24.1   23.7   24.9   26.5   23.6  23.5   22    24.1
+ 8 OX          22     NA     NA     22     NA     20    NA     NA    NA
+ 9 PE          22.7   19.6   21.6   22.0   NA     21    21.6   22.8  19.4
 10 PF           7.12   7.23   6.57   6.89   6.75   7.5   7.54   7     6.78
-11 PH          28     31     NA     NA     NA     29    NA     NA    NA   
-12 PM          20.1   23.6   23.7   23.9   NA     23.7  22.3   23.4  23   
-13 PP          17.1   13.6   14.3   16.4   14.8   19.8  16.8   NA    13.9 
-14 RF          14.8   17     NA     16     NA     14    12.1   13    NA   
-15 RM          10.3    9.89  10.9   10.6   10.4   10.8  10.6   10.7   9   
-16 SF          NA     49     NA     NA     NA     NA    NA     NA    NA   
-17 SH          76.0   79.9   NA     88     NA     82.7  NA     NA    NA   
-18 SS          NA     NA     NA     NA     NA     NA    NA     NA    NA   
+11 PH          28     31     NA     NA     NA     29    NA     NA    NA
+12 PM          20.1   23.6   23.7   23.9   NA     23.7  22.3   23.4  23
+13 PP          17.1   13.6   14.3   16.4   14.8   19.8  16.8   NA    13.9
+14 RF          14.8   17     NA     16     NA     14    12.1   13    NA
+15 RM          10.3    9.89  10.9   10.6   10.4   10.8  10.6   10.7   9
+16 SF          NA     49     NA     NA     NA     NA    NA     NA    NA
+17 SH          76.0   79.9   NA     88     NA     82.7  NA     NA    NA
+18 SS          NA     NA     NA     NA     NA     NA    NA     NA    NA
 # ℹ 15 more variables: `9` &lt;dbl&gt;, `10` &lt;dbl&gt;, `11` &lt;dbl&gt;, `12` &lt;dbl&gt;,
 #   `13` &lt;dbl&gt;, `14` &lt;dbl&gt;, `15` &lt;dbl&gt;, `16` &lt;dbl&gt;, `17` &lt;dbl&gt;, `18` &lt;dbl&gt;,
 #   `19` &lt;dbl&gt;, `20` &lt;dbl&gt;, `22` &lt;dbl&gt;, `23` &lt;dbl&gt;, `24` &lt;dbl&gt;</code></pre>
@@ -1965,16 +1965,16 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 # Groups:   species_id [18]
    species_id PLOT  MEAN_WT
    &lt;chr&gt;      &lt;chr&gt;   &lt;dbl&gt;
- 1 BA         3         8  
+ 1 BA         3         8
  2 BA         21        6.5
- 3 BA         1        NA  
- 4 BA         2        NA  
- 5 BA         4        NA  
- 6 BA         5        NA  
- 7 BA         6        NA  
- 8 BA         7        NA  
- 9 BA         8        NA  
-10 BA         9        NA  
+ 3 BA         1        NA
+ 4 BA         2        NA
+ 5 BA         4        NA
+ 6 BA         5        NA
+ 7 BA         6        NA
+ 8 BA         7        NA
+ 9 BA         8        NA
+10 BA         9        NA
 # ℹ 422 more rows</code></pre>
 </div>
 <p>One thing you will notice is that all those <code>NA</code> values
@@ -1996,7 +1996,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 # Groups:   species_id [18]
    species_id PLOT  MEAN_WT
    &lt;chr&gt;      &lt;chr&gt;   &lt;dbl&gt;
- 1 BA         3         8  
+ 1 BA         3         8
  2 BA         21        6.5
  3 DM         3        41.2
  4 DM         21       41.5
@@ -2012,8 +2012,8 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 of <code>tidyverse</code> tools, especially <code>ggplot2</code>, like
 data in a longer format, so <code>pivot_longer()</code> is often very
 useful.</p>
-</section><section id="exporting-data"><h2 class="section-heading">Exporting data<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#exporting-data"></a>
-</h2>
+</section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="exporting-data">Exporting data<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#exporting-data"></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#exporting-data"></a></h2>
 <hr class="half-width"><p>Let’s say we want to send the wide version of our
 <code>sb_by_plot</code> data.frame to a colleague who doesn’t use R. In
 this case, we might want to save it as a CSV file.</p>
@@ -2036,24 +2036,24 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 # Groups:   species_id [18]
    species_id plot_3 plot_21 plot_1 plot_2 plot_4 plot_5 plot_6 plot_7 plot_8
    &lt;chr&gt;       &lt;dbl&gt;   &lt;dbl&gt;  &lt;dbl&gt;  &lt;dbl&gt;  &lt;dbl&gt;  &lt;dbl&gt;  &lt;dbl&gt;  &lt;dbl&gt;  &lt;dbl&gt;
- 1 BA           8       6.5   NA     NA     NA      NA    NA      NA    NA   
- 2 DM          41.2    41.5   42.7   42.6   41.9    42.6  42.1    43.2  43.4 
- 3 DO          42.7    NA     50.1   50.3   46.8    50.4  49.0    52    49.2 
- 4 DS         128.     NA    129.   125.   118.    111.  114.    126.  128.  
- 5 NL         171.    136.   154.   171.   164.    192.  176.    170.  134.  
- 6 OL          32.1    28.6   35.5   34     33.0    32.6  31.8    NA    30.3 
- 7 OT          24.1    24.1   23.7   24.9   26.5    23.6  23.5    22    24.1 
- 8 OX          22      NA     NA     22     NA      20    NA      NA    NA   
- 9 PE          22.7    19.6   21.6   22.0   NA      21    21.6    22.8  19.4 
+ 1 BA           8       6.5   NA     NA     NA      NA    NA      NA    NA
+ 2 DM          41.2    41.5   42.7   42.6   41.9    42.6  42.1    43.2  43.4
+ 3 DO          42.7    NA     50.1   50.3   46.8    50.4  49.0    52    49.2
+ 4 DS         128.     NA    129.   125.   118.    111.  114.    126.  128.
+ 5 NL         171.    136.   154.   171.   164.    192.  176.    170.  134.
+ 6 OL          32.1    28.6   35.5   34     33.0    32.6  31.8    NA    30.3
+ 7 OT          24.1    24.1   23.7   24.9   26.5    23.6  23.5    22    24.1
+ 8 OX          22      NA     NA     22     NA      20    NA      NA    NA
+ 9 PE          22.7    19.6   21.6   22.0   NA      21    21.6    22.8  19.4
 10 PF           7.12    7.23   6.57   6.89   6.75    7.5   7.54    7     6.78
-11 PH          28      31     NA     NA     NA      29    NA      NA    NA   
-12 PM          20.1    23.6   23.7   23.9   NA      23.7  22.3    23.4  23   
-13 PP          17.1    13.6   14.3   16.4   14.8    19.8  16.8    NA    13.9 
-14 RF          14.8    17     NA     16     NA      14    12.1    13    NA   
-15 RM          10.3     9.89  10.9   10.6   10.4    10.8  10.6    10.7   9   
-16 SF          NA      49     NA     NA     NA      NA    NA      NA    NA   
-17 SH          76.0    79.9   NA     88     NA      82.7  NA      NA    NA   
-18 SS          NA      NA     NA     NA     NA      NA    NA      NA    NA   
+11 PH          28      31     NA     NA     NA      29    NA      NA    NA
+12 PM          20.1    23.6   23.7   23.9   NA      23.7  22.3    23.4  23
+13 PP          17.1    13.6   14.3   16.4   14.8    19.8  16.8    NA    13.9
+14 RF          14.8    17     NA     16     NA      14    12.1    13    NA
+15 RM          10.3     9.89  10.9   10.6   10.4    10.8  10.6    10.7   9
+16 SF          NA      49     NA     NA     NA      NA    NA      NA    NA
+17 SH          76.0    79.9   NA     88     NA      82.7  NA      NA    NA
+18 SS          NA      NA     NA     NA     NA      NA    NA      NA    NA
 # ℹ 15 more variables: plot_9 &lt;dbl&gt;, plot_10 &lt;dbl&gt;, plot_11 &lt;dbl&gt;,
 #   plot_12 &lt;dbl&gt;, plot_13 &lt;dbl&gt;, plot_14 &lt;dbl&gt;, plot_15 &lt;dbl&gt;, plot_16 &lt;dbl&gt;,
 #   plot_17 &lt;dbl&gt;, plot_18 &lt;dbl&gt;, plot_19 &lt;dbl&gt;, plot_20 &lt;dbl&gt;, plot_22 &lt;dbl&gt;,
@@ -2077,24 +2077,24 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 # Groups:   species_id [18]
    species_id plot_3 plot_21 plot_1 plot_2 plot_4 plot_5 plot_6 plot_7 plot_8
    &lt;chr&gt;       &lt;dbl&gt;   &lt;dbl&gt;  &lt;dbl&gt;  &lt;dbl&gt;  &lt;dbl&gt;  &lt;dbl&gt;  &lt;dbl&gt;  &lt;dbl&gt;  &lt;dbl&gt;
- 1 BA           8       6.5   NA     NA     NA      NA    NA      NA    NA   
- 2 DM          41.2    41.5   42.7   42.6   41.9    42.6  42.1    43.2  43.4 
- 3 DO          42.7    NA     50.1   50.3   46.8    50.4  49.0    52    49.2 
- 4 DS         128.     NA    129.   125.   118.    111.  114.    126.  128.  
- 5 NL         171.    136.   154.   171.   164.    192.  176.    170.  134.  
- 6 OL          32.1    28.6   35.5   34     33.0    32.6  31.8    NA    30.3 
- 7 OT          24.1    24.1   23.7   24.9   26.5    23.6  23.5    22    24.1 
- 8 OX          22      NA     NA     22     NA      20    NA      NA    NA   
- 9 PE          22.7    19.6   21.6   22.0   NA      21    21.6    22.8  19.4 
+ 1 BA           8       6.5   NA     NA     NA      NA    NA      NA    NA
+ 2 DM          41.2    41.5   42.7   42.6   41.9    42.6  42.1    43.2  43.4
+ 3 DO          42.7    NA     50.1   50.3   46.8    50.4  49.0    52    49.2
+ 4 DS         128.     NA    129.   125.   118.    111.  114.    126.  128.
+ 5 NL         171.    136.   154.   171.   164.    192.  176.    170.  134.
+ 6 OL          32.1    28.6   35.5   34     33.0    32.6  31.8    NA    30.3
+ 7 OT          24.1    24.1   23.7   24.9   26.5    23.6  23.5    22    24.1
+ 8 OX          22      NA     NA     22     NA      20    NA      NA    NA
+ 9 PE          22.7    19.6   21.6   22.0   NA      21    21.6    22.8  19.4
 10 PF           7.12    7.23   6.57   6.89   6.75    7.5   7.54    7     6.78
-11 PH          28      31     NA     NA     NA      29    NA      NA    NA   
-12 PM          20.1    23.6   23.7   23.9   NA      23.7  22.3    23.4  23   
-13 PP          17.1    13.6   14.3   16.4   14.8    19.8  16.8    NA    13.9 
-14 RF          14.8    17     NA     16     NA      14    12.1    13    NA   
-15 RM          10.3     9.89  10.9   10.6   10.4    10.8  10.6    10.7   9   
-16 SF          NA      49     NA     NA     NA      NA    NA      NA    NA   
-17 SH          76.0    79.9   NA     88     NA      82.7  NA      NA    NA   
-18 SS          NA      NA     NA     NA     NA      NA    NA      NA    NA   
+11 PH          28      31     NA     NA     NA      29    NA      NA    NA
+12 PM          20.1    23.6   23.7   23.9   NA      23.7  22.3    23.4  23
+13 PP          17.1    13.6   14.3   16.4   14.8    19.8  16.8    NA    13.9
+14 RF          14.8    17     NA     16     NA      14    12.1    13    NA
+15 RM          10.3     9.89  10.9   10.6   10.4    10.8  10.6    10.7   9
+16 SF          NA      49     NA     NA     NA      NA    NA      NA    NA
+17 SH          76.0    79.9   NA     88     NA      82.7  NA      NA    NA
+18 SS          NA      NA     NA     NA     NA      NA    NA      NA    NA
 # ℹ 15 more variables: plot_9 &lt;dbl&gt;, plot_10 &lt;dbl&gt;, plot_11 &lt;dbl&gt;,
 #   plot_12 &lt;dbl&gt;, plot_13 &lt;dbl&gt;, plot_14 &lt;dbl&gt;, plot_15 &lt;dbl&gt;, plot_16 &lt;dbl&gt;,
 #   plot_17 &lt;dbl&gt;, plot_18 &lt;dbl&gt;, plot_19 &lt;dbl&gt;, plot_20 &lt;dbl&gt;, plot_22 &lt;dbl&gt;,
@@ -2161,18 +2161,18 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
       		<footer class="row footer mx-md-3"><hr><div class="col-md-6">
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         <h1>Introduction to R and RStudio</h1>
-        <p>Last updated on 2024-07-02 |
-        
+        <p>Last updated on 2024-07-08 |
+
         <a href="https://github.com/datacarpentry/R-ecology-lesson-alternative/edit/main/episodes/introduction-r-rstudio.Rmd" class="external-link">Edit this page <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="edit"></i></a></p>
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-        <p>Last updated on 2024-07-02 |
-        
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+
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+
         <div class="text-end">
           <button role="button" aria-pressed="false" tabindex="0" id="expand-code" class="pull-right" data-expand="Expand All Solutions " data-collapse="Collapse All Solutions "> Expand All Solutions <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="plus"></i></button>
         </div>
@@ -350,8 +350,8 @@ <h3 class="card-title">Objectives</h3>
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
-<section id="setup"><h2 class="section-heading">Setup<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#setup"></a>
-</h2>
+<section><h2 class="section-heading" id="setup">Setup<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#setup"></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#setup"></a></h2>
 <hr class="half-width"><p>We are going to be using <strong>functions</strong> from the
 <strong><code>ggplot2</code></strong> package to create visualizations
 of data. Functions are predefined bits of code that automate more
@@ -462,8 +462,8 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <strong>chr</strong> for character), and the first 10 entries in that
 variable. We will talk more about different data types and structures
 later on.</p>
-</section><section id="plotting-with-ggplot2"><h2 class="section-heading">Plotting with <strong><code>ggplot2</code></strong><a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#plotting-with-ggplot2"></a>
-</h2>
+</section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="plotting-with-ggplot2">Plotting with <strong><code>ggplot2</code></strong><a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#plotting-with-ggplot2"></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#plotting-with-ggplot2"></a></h2>
 <hr class="half-width"><p><strong><code>ggplot2</code></strong> is a powerful package that
 allows you to create complex plots from tabular data (data in a table
 format with rows and columns). The <strong><code>gg</code></strong> in
@@ -595,8 +595,8 @@ <h3 class="code-label">ERROR<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
-</section><section id="changing-aesthetics"><h2 class="section-heading">Changing aesthetics<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#changing-aesthetics"></a>
-</h2>
+</section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="changing-aesthetics">Changing aesthetics<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#changing-aesthetics"></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#changing-aesthetics"></a></h2>
 <hr class="half-width"><p>Building <strong><code>ggplot</code></strong> plots is often an
 iterative process, so we’ll continue developing the scatter plot we just
 made. You may have noticed that parts of our scatter plot have many
@@ -759,8 +759,8 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
-</section><section id="changing-scales"><h2 class="section-heading">Changing scales<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#changing-scales"></a>
-</h2>
+</section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="changing-scales">Changing scales<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#changing-scales"></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#changing-scales"></a></h2>
 <hr class="half-width"><p>The default discrete color scale isn’t always ideal: it isn’t
 friendly to viewers with colorblindness and it doesn’t translate well to
 grayscale. However, <strong><code>ggplot2</code></strong> comes with
@@ -795,8 +795,8 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 similar things are given similar names. Any function that modifies a
 <code>ggplot</code> scale starts with <code>scale_</code>, making it
 easier to search for the right function.</p>
-</section><section id="boxplot"><h2 class="section-heading">Boxplot<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#boxplot"></a>
-</h2>
+</section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="boxplot">Boxplot<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#boxplot"></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#boxplot"></a></h2>
 <hr class="half-width"><p>Let’s try making a different type of plot altogether. We’ll start off
 with our same basic building blocks using <code>ggplot()</code> and
 <code>aes()</code>.</p>
@@ -872,8 +872,8 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 <figure><img src="fig/visualizing-ggplot-rendered-boxplot-label-wrap-1.png" width="600" height="600" style="display: block; margin: auto;" class="figure mx-auto d-block"></figure></div>
 </div>
 </div>
-</section><section id="adding-geoms"><h2 class="section-heading">Adding geoms<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#adding-geoms"></a>
-</h2>
+</section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="adding-geoms">Adding geoms<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#adding-geoms"></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#adding-geoms"></a></h2>
 <hr class="half-width"><p>One of the most powerful aspects of
 <strong><code>ggplot</code></strong> is the way we can add components to
 a plot in successive layers. While boxplots can be very useful for
@@ -1052,8 +1052,8 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
-</section><section id="changing-themes"><h2 class="section-heading">Changing themes<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#changing-themes"></a>
-</h2>
+</section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="changing-themes">Changing themes<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#changing-themes"></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#changing-themes"></a></h2>
 <hr class="half-width"><p>So far we’ve been changing the appearance of parts of our plot
 related to our data and the <code>geom_</code> functions, but we can
 also change many of the non-data components of our plot.</p>
@@ -1222,8 +1222,8 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Callout<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#ca
 </ol></div>
 </div>
 </div>
-</section><section id="changing-labels"><h2 class="section-heading">Changing labels<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#changing-labels"></a>
-</h2>
+</section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="changing-labels">Changing labels<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#changing-labels"></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#changing-labels"></a></h2>
 <hr class="half-width"><p>Our plot is really shaping up now. However, we probably want to make
 our axis titles nicer, and perhaps add a main title to the plot. We can
 do this using the <code>labs()</code> function:</p>
@@ -1281,8 +1281,8 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
-</section><section id="faceting"><h2 class="section-heading">Faceting<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#faceting"></a>
-</h2>
+</section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="faceting">Faceting<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#faceting"></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#faceting"></a></h2>
 <hr class="half-width"><p>One of the most powerful features of
 <strong><code>ggplot</code></strong> is the ability to quickly split a
 plot into multiple smaller plots based on a categorical variable, which
@@ -1329,8 +1329,8 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Callout<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#ca
 </ul></div>
 </div>
 </div>
-</section><section id="exporting-plots"><h2 class="section-heading">Exporting plots<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#exporting-plots"></a>
-</h2>
+</section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="exporting-plots">Exporting plots<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#exporting-plots"></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#exporting-plots"></a></h2>
 <hr class="half-width"><p>Once we are happy with our final plot, we can assign the whole thing
 to a new object, which we can call <code>finalplot</code>.</p>
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb49">
@@ -1418,7 +1418,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
           Previous: Introduction to R
         </a>
         <a class="chapter-link float-end" href="how-r-thinks-about-data.html" rel="next">
-          Next: Exploring and... 
+          Next: Exploring and...
           <i aria-hidden="true" class="small-arrow" data-feather="arrow-right"></i>
         </a>
       </div>
@@ -1429,18 +1429,18 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
       		<footer class="row footer mx-md-3"><hr><div class="col-md-6">
         <p>This lesson is subject to the <a href="CODE_OF_CONDUCT.html">Code of Conduct</a></p>
         <p>
-        
+
         <a href="https://github.com/datacarpentry/R-ecology-lesson-alternative/edit/main/episodes/visualizing-ggplot.Rmd" class="external-link">Edit on GitHub</a>
-        
+
 	
         | <a href="https://github.com/datacarpentry/R-ecology-lesson-alternative/blob/main/CONTRIBUTING.md" class="external-link">Contributing</a>
         | <a href="https://github.com/datacarpentry/R-ecology-lesson-alternative/" class="external-link">Source</a></p>
 				<p><a href="https://github.com/datacarpentry/R-ecology-lesson-alternative/blob/main/CITATION" class="external-link">Cite</a> | <a href="mailto:team@carpentries.org">Contact</a> | <a href="https://carpentries.org/about/" class="external-link">About</a></p>
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 			<div class="col-md-6">
-        
+
         <p>Materials licensed under <a href="LICENSE.html">CC-BY 4.0</a> by the authors</p>
-        
+
         <p>Template licensed under <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/" class="external-link">CC-BY 4.0</a> by <a href="https://carpentries.org/" class="external-link">The Carpentries</a></p>
         <p>Built with <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/sandpaper/tree/0.16.5" class="external-link">sandpaper (0.16.5)</a>, <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/pegboard/tree/0.7.6" class="external-link">pegboard (0.7.6)</a>, and <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/varnish/tree/1.0.3" class="external-link">varnish (1.0.3)</a></p>
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@@ -1464,8 +1464,8 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
   "url": "https://datacarpentry.github.io/R-ecology-lesson-alternative/visualizing-ggplot.html",
   "identifier": "https://datacarpentry.github.io/R-ecology-lesson-alternative/visualizing-ggplot.html",
   "dateCreated": "2015-04-02",
-  "dateModified": "2024-07-02",
-  "datePublished": "2024-07-02"
+  "dateModified": "2024-07-08",
+  "datePublished": "2024-07-08"
 }
 
   </script><script>
diff --git a/working-with-data.html b/working-with-data.html
index 6d59d245..92eee511 100644
--- a/working-with-data.html
+++ b/working-with-data.html
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@
             </li>
           </ul></li>
       </div>
-      
+
       <div class="dropdown" id="instructor-dropdown">
         <button class="btn btn-secondary dropdown-toggle bordered-button" type="button" id="dropdownMenu1" data-bs-toggle="dropdown" aria-expanded="false">
           <i aria-hidden="true" class="icon" data-feather="eye"></i> Learner View <i data-feather="chevron-down"></i>
@@ -170,7 +170,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header" id="flush-headingNine">
                 </div><!--/div.accordion-flush-->
               </div><!--div.sidenav-view-selector -->
             </div><!--/div.col -->
-      
+
             <hr></div><!--/div.mobile-row -->
 
           <div class="accordion accordion-flush" id="accordionFlush11">
@@ -189,7 +189,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
     <div class="accordion-header" id="flush-heading1">
         <a href="index.html">Summary and Setup</a>
     </div><!--/div.accordion-header-->
-        
+
   </div><!--/div.accordion-item-->
 </div><!--/div.accordion-flush-->
 
@@ -198,7 +198,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
     <div class="accordion-header" id="flush-heading2">
         <a href="introduction-r-rstudio.html">1. Introduction to R and RStudio</a>
     </div><!--/div.accordion-header-->
-        
+
   </div><!--/div.accordion-item-->
 </div><!--/div.accordion-flush-->
 
@@ -207,7 +207,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
     <div class="accordion-header" id="flush-heading3">
         <a href="visualizing-ggplot.html">2. Data visualization with ggplot2</a>
     </div><!--/div.accordion-header-->
-        
+
   </div><!--/div.accordion-item-->
 </div><!--/div.accordion-flush-->
 
@@ -216,7 +216,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
     <div class="accordion-header" id="flush-heading4">
         <a href="how-r-thinks-about-data.html">3. Exploring and understanding data</a>
     </div><!--/div.accordion-header-->
-        
+
   </div><!--/div.accordion-item-->
 </div><!--/div.accordion-flush-->
 
@@ -230,7 +230,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
         </span>
       </button>
     </div><!--/div.accordion-header-->
-        
+
     <div id="flush-collapsecurrent" class="accordion-collapse collapse show" aria-labelledby="flush-headingcurrent" data-bs-parent="#accordionFlushcurrent">
       <div class="accordion-body">
         <ul><li><a href="#importing-data">Importing data</a></li>
@@ -242,7 +242,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
 <li><a href="#exporting-data">Exporting data</a></li>
         </ul></div><!--/div.accordion-body-->
     </div><!--/div.accordion-collapse-->
-        
+
   </div><!--/div.accordion-item-->
 </div><!--/div.accordion-flush-->
 
@@ -274,10 +274,10 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header" id="flush-headingTwelve">
               </div>
             </div>
             <hr class="half-width resources"><a href="aio.html">See all in one page</a>
-            
+
 
             <hr class="d-none d-sm-block d-md-none"><div class="d-grid gap-1">
-            
+
             </div>
           </div><!-- /div.accordion -->
         </div><!-- /div.sidebar-inner -->
@@ -304,12 +304,12 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header" id="flush-headingTwelve">
       </div>
       <hr></nav><main id="main-content" class="main-content"><div class="container lesson-content">
         <h1>Working with data</h1>
-        <p>Last updated on 2024-07-02 |
-        
+        <p>Last updated on 2024-07-08 |
+
         <a href="https://github.com/datacarpentry/R-ecology-lesson-alternative/edit/main/episodes/working-with-data.Rmd" class="external-link">Edit this page <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="edit"></i></a></p>
-        
-        
-        
+
+
+
         <div class="text-end">
           <button role="button" aria-pressed="false" tabindex="0" id="expand-code" class="pull-right" data-expand="Expand All Solutions " data-collapse="Collapse All Solutions "> Expand All Solutions <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="plus"></i></button>
         </div>
@@ -351,8 +351,8 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
 <code class="sourceCode R"><span><span class="kw">library</span><span class="op">(</span><span class="va">tidyverse</span><span class="op">)</span></span></code></pre>
 </div>
-<section id="importing-data"><h2 class="section-heading">Importing data<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#importing-data"></a>
-</h2>
+<section><h2 class="section-heading" id="importing-data">Importing data<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#importing-data"></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#importing-data"></a></h2>
 <hr class="half-width"><p>Up until this point, we have been working with the
 <code>complete_old</code> dataframe contained in the <code>ratdat</code>
 package. However, you typically won’t access data from an R package; it
@@ -494,8 +494,8 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Callout<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#ca
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
-</section><section id="manipulating-data"><h2 class="section-heading">Manipulating data<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#manipulating-data"></a>
-</h2>
+</section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="manipulating-data">Manipulating data<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#manipulating-data"></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#manipulating-data"></a></h2>
 <hr class="half-width"><p>One of the most important skills for working with data in R is the
 ability to manipulate, modify, and reshape data. The <code>dplyr</code>
 and <code>tidyr</code> packages in the <code>tidyverse</code> provide a
@@ -566,17 +566,17 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 </h3>
 <pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code># A tibble: 16,878 × 11
    month   day plot_id species_id sex   hindfoot_length weight genus     species
-   &lt;dbl&gt; &lt;dbl&gt;   &lt;dbl&gt; &lt;chr&gt;      &lt;chr&gt;           &lt;dbl&gt;  &lt;dbl&gt; &lt;chr&gt;     &lt;chr&gt;  
+   &lt;dbl&gt; &lt;dbl&gt;   &lt;dbl&gt; &lt;chr&gt;      &lt;chr&gt;           &lt;dbl&gt;  &lt;dbl&gt; &lt;chr&gt;     &lt;chr&gt;
  1     7    16       2 NL         M                  32     NA Neotoma   albigu…
  2     7    16       3 NL         M                  33     NA Neotoma   albigu…
  3     7    16       2 DM         F                  37     NA Dipodomys merria…
  4     7    16       7 DM         M                  36     NA Dipodomys merria…
  5     7    16       3 DM         M                  35     NA Dipodomys merria…
- 6     7    16       1 PF         M                  14     NA Perognat… flavus 
+ 6     7    16       1 PF         M                  14     NA Perognat… flavus
  7     7    16       2 PE         F                  NA     NA Peromysc… eremic…
  8     7    16       1 DM         M                  37     NA Dipodomys merria…
  9     7    16       1 DM         F                  34     NA Dipodomys merria…
-10     7    16       6 PF         F                  20     NA Perognat… flavus 
+10     7    16       6 PF         F                  20     NA Perognat… flavus
 # ℹ 16,868 more rows
 # ℹ 2 more variables: taxa &lt;chr&gt;, plot_type &lt;chr&gt;</code></pre>
 </div>
@@ -593,17 +593,17 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code># A tibble: 16,878 × 4
-     day  year plot_id genus      
-   &lt;dbl&gt; &lt;dbl&gt;   &lt;dbl&gt; &lt;chr&gt;      
- 1    16  1977       2 Neotoma    
- 2    16  1977       3 Neotoma    
- 3    16  1977       2 Dipodomys  
- 4    16  1977       7 Dipodomys  
- 5    16  1977       3 Dipodomys  
+     day  year plot_id genus
+   &lt;dbl&gt; &lt;dbl&gt;   &lt;dbl&gt; &lt;chr&gt;
+ 1    16  1977       2 Neotoma
+ 2    16  1977       3 Neotoma
+ 3    16  1977       2 Dipodomys
+ 4    16  1977       7 Dipodomys
+ 5    16  1977       3 Dipodomys
  6    16  1977       1 Perognathus
- 7    16  1977       2 Peromyscus 
- 8    16  1977       1 Dipodomys  
- 9    16  1977       1 Dipodomys  
+ 7    16  1977       2 Peromyscus
+ 8    16  1977       1 Dipodomys
+ 9    16  1977       1 Dipodomys
 10    16  1977       6 Perognathus
 # ℹ 16,868 more rows</code></pre>
 </div>
@@ -655,8 +655,8 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code># A tibble: 16,878 × 7
-   species_id sex   hindfoot_length weight genus       species  taxa  
-   &lt;chr&gt;      &lt;chr&gt;           &lt;dbl&gt;  &lt;dbl&gt; &lt;chr&gt;       &lt;chr&gt;    &lt;chr&gt; 
+   species_id sex   hindfoot_length weight genus       species  taxa
+   &lt;chr&gt;      &lt;chr&gt;           &lt;dbl&gt;  &lt;dbl&gt; &lt;chr&gt;       &lt;chr&gt;    &lt;chr&gt;
  1 NL         M                  32     NA Neotoma     albigula Rodent
  2 NL         M                  33     NA Neotoma     albigula Rodent
  3 DM         F                  37     NA Dipodomys   merriami Rodent
@@ -823,8 +823,8 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
-</section><section id="the-pipe"><h2 class="section-heading">The pipe: <code>%&gt;%</code><a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#the-pipe"></a>
-</h2>
+</section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="the-pipe">The pipe: <code>%&gt;%</code><a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#the-pipe"></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#the-pipe"></a></h2>
 <hr class="half-width"><p>What happens if we want to both <code>select()</code> and
 <code>filter()</code> our data? We have a couple options. First, we
 could use <strong>nested</strong> functions:</p>
@@ -838,8 +838,8 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code># A tibble: 8,244 × 12
-   record_id month  year plot_id species_id sex   hindfoot_length weight genus  
-       &lt;dbl&gt; &lt;dbl&gt; &lt;dbl&gt;   &lt;dbl&gt; &lt;chr&gt;      &lt;chr&gt;           &lt;dbl&gt;  &lt;dbl&gt; &lt;chr&gt;  
+   record_id month  year plot_id species_id sex   hindfoot_length weight genus
+       &lt;dbl&gt; &lt;dbl&gt; &lt;dbl&gt;   &lt;dbl&gt; &lt;chr&gt;      &lt;chr&gt;           &lt;dbl&gt;  &lt;dbl&gt; &lt;chr&gt;
  1         1     7  1977       2 NL         M                  32     NA Neotoma
  2         2     7  1977       3 NL         M                  33     NA Neotoma
  3         3     7  1977       2 DM         F                  37     NA Dipodo…
@@ -873,8 +873,8 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code># A tibble: 8,244 × 12
-   record_id month  year plot_id species_id sex   hindfoot_length weight genus  
-       &lt;dbl&gt; &lt;dbl&gt; &lt;dbl&gt;   &lt;dbl&gt; &lt;chr&gt;      &lt;chr&gt;           &lt;dbl&gt;  &lt;dbl&gt; &lt;chr&gt;  
+   record_id month  year plot_id species_id sex   hindfoot_length weight genus
+       &lt;dbl&gt; &lt;dbl&gt; &lt;dbl&gt;   &lt;dbl&gt; &lt;chr&gt;      &lt;chr&gt;           &lt;dbl&gt;  &lt;dbl&gt; &lt;chr&gt;
  1         1     7  1977       2 NL         M                  32     NA Neotoma
  2         2     7  1977       3 NL         M                  33     NA Neotoma
  3         3     7  1977       2 DM         F                  37     NA Dipodo…
@@ -908,8 +908,8 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code># A tibble: 8,244 × 12
-   record_id month  year plot_id species_id sex   hindfoot_length weight genus  
-       &lt;dbl&gt; &lt;dbl&gt; &lt;dbl&gt;   &lt;dbl&gt; &lt;chr&gt;      &lt;chr&gt;           &lt;dbl&gt;  &lt;dbl&gt; &lt;chr&gt;  
+   record_id month  year plot_id species_id sex   hindfoot_length weight genus
+       &lt;dbl&gt; &lt;dbl&gt; &lt;dbl&gt;   &lt;dbl&gt; &lt;chr&gt;      &lt;chr&gt;           &lt;dbl&gt;  &lt;dbl&gt; &lt;chr&gt;
  1         1     7  1977       2 NL         M                  32     NA Neotoma
  2         2     7  1977       3 NL         M                  33     NA Neotoma
  3         3     7  1977       2 DM         F                  37     NA Dipodo…
@@ -990,8 +990,8 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
-</section><section id="making-new-columns-with-mutate"><h2 class="section-heading">Making new columns with <code>mutate()</code><a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#making-new-columns-with-mutate"></a>
-</h2>
+</section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="making-new-columns-with-mutate">Making new columns with <code>mutate()</code><a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#making-new-columns-with-mutate"></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#making-new-columns-with-mutate"></a></h2>
 <hr class="half-width"><p>Another common task is creating a new column based on values in
 existing columns. For example, we could add a new column that has the
 weight in kilograms instead of grams:</p>
@@ -1145,18 +1145,18 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code># A tibble: 16,878 × 14
-   record_id month   day  year date       plot_id species_id sex  
+   record_id month   day  year date       plot_id species_id sex
        &lt;dbl&gt; &lt;dbl&gt; &lt;dbl&gt; &lt;dbl&gt; &lt;date&gt;       &lt;dbl&gt; &lt;chr&gt;      &lt;chr&gt;
- 1         1     7    16  1977 1977-07-16       2 NL         M    
- 2         2     7    16  1977 1977-07-16       3 NL         M    
- 3         3     7    16  1977 1977-07-16       2 DM         F    
- 4         4     7    16  1977 1977-07-16       7 DM         M    
- 5         5     7    16  1977 1977-07-16       3 DM         M    
- 6         6     7    16  1977 1977-07-16       1 PF         M    
- 7         7     7    16  1977 1977-07-16       2 PE         F    
- 8         8     7    16  1977 1977-07-16       1 DM         M    
- 9         9     7    16  1977 1977-07-16       1 DM         F    
-10        10     7    16  1977 1977-07-16       6 PF         F    
+ 1         1     7    16  1977 1977-07-16       2 NL         M
+ 2         2     7    16  1977 1977-07-16       3 NL         M
+ 3         3     7    16  1977 1977-07-16       2 DM         F
+ 4         4     7    16  1977 1977-07-16       7 DM         M
+ 5         5     7    16  1977 1977-07-16       3 DM         M
+ 6         6     7    16  1977 1977-07-16       1 PF         M
+ 7         7     7    16  1977 1977-07-16       2 PE         F
+ 8         8     7    16  1977 1977-07-16       1 DM         M
+ 9         9     7    16  1977 1977-07-16       1 DM         F
+10        10     7    16  1977 1977-07-16       6 PF         F
 # ℹ 16,868 more rows
 # ℹ 6 more variables: hindfoot_length &lt;dbl&gt;, weight &lt;dbl&gt;, genus &lt;chr&gt;,
 #   species &lt;chr&gt;, taxa &lt;chr&gt;, plot_type &lt;chr&gt;</code></pre>
@@ -1174,18 +1174,18 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code># A tibble: 16,878 × 14
-   record_id month   day  year date       plot_id species_id sex  
+   record_id month   day  year date       plot_id species_id sex
        &lt;dbl&gt; &lt;dbl&gt; &lt;dbl&gt; &lt;dbl&gt; &lt;date&gt;       &lt;dbl&gt; &lt;chr&gt;      &lt;chr&gt;
- 1         1     7    16  1977 1977-07-16       2 NL         M    
- 2         2     7    16  1977 1977-07-16       3 NL         M    
- 3         3     7    16  1977 1977-07-16       2 DM         F    
- 4         4     7    16  1977 1977-07-16       7 DM         M    
- 5         5     7    16  1977 1977-07-16       3 DM         M    
- 6         6     7    16  1977 1977-07-16       1 PF         M    
- 7         7     7    16  1977 1977-07-16       2 PE         F    
- 8         8     7    16  1977 1977-07-16       1 DM         M    
- 9         9     7    16  1977 1977-07-16       1 DM         F    
-10        10     7    16  1977 1977-07-16       6 PF         F    
+ 1         1     7    16  1977 1977-07-16       2 NL         M
+ 2         2     7    16  1977 1977-07-16       3 NL         M
+ 3         3     7    16  1977 1977-07-16       2 DM         F
+ 4         4     7    16  1977 1977-07-16       7 DM         M
+ 5         5     7    16  1977 1977-07-16       3 DM         M
+ 6         6     7    16  1977 1977-07-16       1 PF         M
+ 7         7     7    16  1977 1977-07-16       2 PE         F
+ 8         8     7    16  1977 1977-07-16       1 DM         M
+ 9         9     7    16  1977 1977-07-16       1 DM         F
+10        10     7    16  1977 1977-07-16       6 PF         F
 # ℹ 16,868 more rows
 # ℹ 6 more variables: hindfoot_length &lt;dbl&gt;, weight &lt;dbl&gt;, genus &lt;chr&gt;,
 #   species &lt;chr&gt;, taxa &lt;chr&gt;, plot_type &lt;chr&gt;</code></pre>
@@ -1208,18 +1208,18 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code># A tibble: 16,878 × 14
-   record_id month   day  year date       plot_id species_id sex  
+   record_id month   day  year date       plot_id species_id sex
        &lt;dbl&gt; &lt;dbl&gt; &lt;dbl&gt; &lt;dbl&gt; &lt;date&gt;       &lt;dbl&gt; &lt;chr&gt;      &lt;chr&gt;
- 1         1     7    16  1977 1977-07-16       2 NL         M    
- 2         2     7    16  1977 1977-07-16       3 NL         M    
- 3         3     7    16  1977 1977-07-16       2 DM         F    
- 4         4     7    16  1977 1977-07-16       7 DM         M    
- 5         5     7    16  1977 1977-07-16       3 DM         M    
- 6         6     7    16  1977 1977-07-16       1 PF         M    
- 7         7     7    16  1977 1977-07-16       2 PE         F    
- 8         8     7    16  1977 1977-07-16       1 DM         M    
- 9         9     7    16  1977 1977-07-16       1 DM         F    
-10        10     7    16  1977 1977-07-16       6 PF         F    
+ 1         1     7    16  1977 1977-07-16       2 NL         M
+ 2         2     7    16  1977 1977-07-16       3 NL         M
+ 3         3     7    16  1977 1977-07-16       2 DM         F
+ 4         4     7    16  1977 1977-07-16       7 DM         M
+ 5         5     7    16  1977 1977-07-16       3 DM         M
+ 6         6     7    16  1977 1977-07-16       1 PF         M
+ 7         7     7    16  1977 1977-07-16       2 PE         F
+ 8         8     7    16  1977 1977-07-16       1 DM         M
+ 9         9     7    16  1977 1977-07-16       1 DM         F
+10        10     7    16  1977 1977-07-16       6 PF         F
 # ℹ 16,868 more rows
 # ℹ 6 more variables: hindfoot_length &lt;dbl&gt;, weight &lt;dbl&gt;, genus &lt;chr&gt;,
 #   species &lt;chr&gt;, taxa &lt;chr&gt;, plot_type &lt;chr&gt;</code></pre>
@@ -1238,18 +1238,18 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code># A tibble: 16,878 × 14
-   record_id month   day  year date       plot_id species_id sex  
+   record_id month   day  year date       plot_id species_id sex
        &lt;dbl&gt; &lt;dbl&gt; &lt;dbl&gt; &lt;dbl&gt; &lt;date&gt;       &lt;dbl&gt; &lt;chr&gt;      &lt;chr&gt;
- 1         1     7    16  1977 1977-07-16       2 NL         M    
- 2         2     7    16  1977 1977-07-16       3 NL         M    
- 3         3     7    16  1977 1977-07-16       2 DM         F    
- 4         4     7    16  1977 1977-07-16       7 DM         M    
- 5         5     7    16  1977 1977-07-16       3 DM         M    
- 6         6     7    16  1977 1977-07-16       1 PF         M    
- 7         7     7    16  1977 1977-07-16       2 PE         F    
- 8         8     7    16  1977 1977-07-16       1 DM         M    
- 9         9     7    16  1977 1977-07-16       1 DM         F    
-10        10     7    16  1977 1977-07-16       6 PF         F    
+ 1         1     7    16  1977 1977-07-16       2 NL         M
+ 2         2     7    16  1977 1977-07-16       3 NL         M
+ 3         3     7    16  1977 1977-07-16       2 DM         F
+ 4         4     7    16  1977 1977-07-16       7 DM         M
+ 5         5     7    16  1977 1977-07-16       3 DM         M
+ 6         6     7    16  1977 1977-07-16       1 PF         M
+ 7         7     7    16  1977 1977-07-16       2 PE         F
+ 8         8     7    16  1977 1977-07-16       1 DM         M
+ 9         9     7    16  1977 1977-07-16       1 DM         F
+10        10     7    16  1977 1977-07-16       6 PF         F
 # ℹ 16,868 more rows
 # ℹ 6 more variables: hindfoot_length &lt;dbl&gt;, weight &lt;dbl&gt;, genus &lt;chr&gt;,
 #   species &lt;chr&gt;, taxa &lt;chr&gt;, plot_type &lt;chr&gt;</code></pre>
@@ -1297,8 +1297,8 @@ <h3 class="code-label">WARNING<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left">
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
-</section><section id="the-split-apply-combine-approach"><h2 class="section-heading">The split-apply-combine approach<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#the-split-apply-combine-approach"></a>
-</h2>
+</section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="the-split-apply-combine-approach">The split-apply-combine approach<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#the-split-apply-combine-approach"></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#the-split-apply-combine-approach"></a></h2>
 <hr class="half-width"><p>Many data analysis tasks can be achieved using the
 split-apply-combine approach: you split the data into groups, apply some
 analysis to each group, and combine the results in some way.
@@ -1669,15 +1669,15 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 # Groups:   species_id, sex [46]
    species_id sex   weight mean_weight weight_diff
    &lt;chr&gt;      &lt;chr&gt;  &lt;dbl&gt;       &lt;dbl&gt;       &lt;dbl&gt;
- 1 DM         M         40       44.0      -4.00  
- 2 DM         M         48       44.0       4.00  
- 3 DM         F         29       40.7     -11.7   
- 4 DM         F         46       40.7       5.28  
- 5 DM         M         36       44.0      -8.00  
- 6 DO         F         52       48.4       3.63  
- 7 PF         M          8        7.10      0.902 
- 8 OX         F         22       21         1     
- 9 DM         F         35       40.7      -5.72  
+ 1 DM         M         40       44.0      -4.00
+ 2 DM         M         48       44.0       4.00
+ 3 DM         F         29       40.7     -11.7
+ 4 DM         F         46       40.7       5.28
+ 5 DM         M         36       44.0      -8.00
+ 6 DO         F         52       48.4       3.63
+ 7 PF         M          8        7.10      0.902
+ 8 OX         F         22       21         1
+ 9 DM         F         35       40.7      -5.72
 10 PF         M          7        7.10     -0.0980
 # ℹ 15,176 more rows</code></pre>
 </div>
@@ -1772,8 +1772,8 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
-</section><section id="reshaping-data-with-tidyr"><h2 class="section-heading">Reshaping data with <code>tidyr</code><a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#reshaping-data-with-tidyr"></a>
-</h2>
+</section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="reshaping-data-with-tidyr">Reshaping data with <code>tidyr</code><a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#reshaping-data-with-tidyr"></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#reshaping-data-with-tidyr"></a></h2>
 <hr class="half-width"><p>Let’s say we are interested in comparing the mean weights of each
 species across our different plots. We can begin this process using the
 <code>group_by()</code> + <code>summarize()</code> approach:</p>
@@ -1806,7 +1806,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 # Groups:   species_id [18]
    species_id plot_id mean_weight
    &lt;chr&gt;        &lt;dbl&gt;       &lt;dbl&gt;
- 1 BA               3         8  
+ 1 BA               3         8
  2 BA              21         6.5
  3 DM               1        42.7
  4 DM               2        42.6
@@ -1861,24 +1861,24 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 # Groups:   species_id [18]
    species_id    `3`   `21`    `1`    `2`    `4`   `5`    `6`   `7`    `8`
    &lt;chr&gt;       &lt;dbl&gt;  &lt;dbl&gt;  &lt;dbl&gt;  &lt;dbl&gt;  &lt;dbl&gt; &lt;dbl&gt;  &lt;dbl&gt; &lt;dbl&gt;  &lt;dbl&gt;
- 1 BA           8      6.5   NA     NA     NA     NA    NA     NA    NA   
- 2 DM          41.2   41.5   42.7   42.6   41.9   42.6  42.1   43.2  43.4 
- 3 DO          42.7   NA     50.1   50.3   46.8   50.4  49.0   52    49.2 
- 4 DS         128.    NA    129.   125.   118.   111.  114.   126.  128.  
- 5 NL         171.   136.   154.   171.   164.   192.  176.   170.  134.  
- 6 OL          32.1   28.6   35.5   34     33.0   32.6  31.8   NA    30.3 
- 7 OT          24.1   24.1   23.7   24.9   26.5   23.6  23.5   22    24.1 
- 8 OX          22     NA     NA     22     NA     20    NA     NA    NA   
- 9 PE          22.7   19.6   21.6   22.0   NA     21    21.6   22.8  19.4 
+ 1 BA           8      6.5   NA     NA     NA     NA    NA     NA    NA
+ 2 DM          41.2   41.5   42.7   42.6   41.9   42.6  42.1   43.2  43.4
+ 3 DO          42.7   NA     50.1   50.3   46.8   50.4  49.0   52    49.2
+ 4 DS         128.    NA    129.   125.   118.   111.  114.   126.  128.
+ 5 NL         171.   136.   154.   171.   164.   192.  176.   170.  134.
+ 6 OL          32.1   28.6   35.5   34     33.0   32.6  31.8   NA    30.3
+ 7 OT          24.1   24.1   23.7   24.9   26.5   23.6  23.5   22    24.1
+ 8 OX          22     NA     NA     22     NA     20    NA     NA    NA
+ 9 PE          22.7   19.6   21.6   22.0   NA     21    21.6   22.8  19.4
 10 PF           7.12   7.23   6.57   6.89   6.75   7.5   7.54   7     6.78
-11 PH          28     31     NA     NA     NA     29    NA     NA    NA   
-12 PM          20.1   23.6   23.7   23.9   NA     23.7  22.3   23.4  23   
-13 PP          17.1   13.6   14.3   16.4   14.8   19.8  16.8   NA    13.9 
-14 RF          14.8   17     NA     16     NA     14    12.1   13    NA   
-15 RM          10.3    9.89  10.9   10.6   10.4   10.8  10.6   10.7   9   
-16 SF          NA     49     NA     NA     NA     NA    NA     NA    NA   
-17 SH          76.0   79.9   NA     88     NA     82.7  NA     NA    NA   
-18 SS          NA     NA     NA     NA     NA     NA    NA     NA    NA   
+11 PH          28     31     NA     NA     NA     29    NA     NA    NA
+12 PM          20.1   23.6   23.7   23.9   NA     23.7  22.3   23.4  23
+13 PP          17.1   13.6   14.3   16.4   14.8   19.8  16.8   NA    13.9
+14 RF          14.8   17     NA     16     NA     14    12.1   13    NA
+15 RM          10.3    9.89  10.9   10.6   10.4   10.8  10.6   10.7   9
+16 SF          NA     49     NA     NA     NA     NA    NA     NA    NA
+17 SH          76.0   79.9   NA     88     NA     82.7  NA     NA    NA
+18 SS          NA     NA     NA     NA     NA     NA    NA     NA    NA
 # ℹ 15 more variables: `9` &lt;dbl&gt;, `10` &lt;dbl&gt;, `11` &lt;dbl&gt;, `12` &lt;dbl&gt;,
 #   `13` &lt;dbl&gt;, `14` &lt;dbl&gt;, `15` &lt;dbl&gt;, `16` &lt;dbl&gt;, `17` &lt;dbl&gt;, `18` &lt;dbl&gt;,
 #   `19` &lt;dbl&gt;, `20` &lt;dbl&gt;, `22` &lt;dbl&gt;, `23` &lt;dbl&gt;, `24` &lt;dbl&gt;</code></pre>
@@ -1947,16 +1947,16 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 # Groups:   species_id [18]
    species_id PLOT  MEAN_WT
    &lt;chr&gt;      &lt;chr&gt;   &lt;dbl&gt;
- 1 BA         3         8  
+ 1 BA         3         8
  2 BA         21        6.5
- 3 BA         1        NA  
- 4 BA         2        NA  
- 5 BA         4        NA  
- 6 BA         5        NA  
- 7 BA         6        NA  
- 8 BA         7        NA  
- 9 BA         8        NA  
-10 BA         9        NA  
+ 3 BA         1        NA
+ 4 BA         2        NA
+ 5 BA         4        NA
+ 6 BA         5        NA
+ 7 BA         6        NA
+ 8 BA         7        NA
+ 9 BA         8        NA
+10 BA         9        NA
 # ℹ 422 more rows</code></pre>
 </div>
 <p>One thing you will notice is that all those <code>NA</code> values
@@ -1978,7 +1978,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 # Groups:   species_id [18]
    species_id PLOT  MEAN_WT
    &lt;chr&gt;      &lt;chr&gt;   &lt;dbl&gt;
- 1 BA         3         8  
+ 1 BA         3         8
  2 BA         21        6.5
  3 DM         3        41.2
  4 DM         21       41.5
@@ -1994,8 +1994,8 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 of <code>tidyverse</code> tools, especially <code>ggplot2</code>, like
 data in a longer format, so <code>pivot_longer()</code> is often very
 useful.</p>
-</section><section id="exporting-data"><h2 class="section-heading">Exporting data<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#exporting-data"></a>
-</h2>
+</section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="exporting-data">Exporting data<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#exporting-data"></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#exporting-data"></a></h2>
 <hr class="half-width"><p>Let’s say we want to send the wide version of our
 <code>sb_by_plot</code> data.frame to a colleague who doesn’t use R. In
 this case, we might want to save it as a CSV file.</p>
@@ -2018,24 +2018,24 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 # Groups:   species_id [18]
    species_id plot_3 plot_21 plot_1 plot_2 plot_4 plot_5 plot_6 plot_7 plot_8
    &lt;chr&gt;       &lt;dbl&gt;   &lt;dbl&gt;  &lt;dbl&gt;  &lt;dbl&gt;  &lt;dbl&gt;  &lt;dbl&gt;  &lt;dbl&gt;  &lt;dbl&gt;  &lt;dbl&gt;
- 1 BA           8       6.5   NA     NA     NA      NA    NA      NA    NA   
- 2 DM          41.2    41.5   42.7   42.6   41.9    42.6  42.1    43.2  43.4 
- 3 DO          42.7    NA     50.1   50.3   46.8    50.4  49.0    52    49.2 
- 4 DS         128.     NA    129.   125.   118.    111.  114.    126.  128.  
- 5 NL         171.    136.   154.   171.   164.    192.  176.    170.  134.  
- 6 OL          32.1    28.6   35.5   34     33.0    32.6  31.8    NA    30.3 
- 7 OT          24.1    24.1   23.7   24.9   26.5    23.6  23.5    22    24.1 
- 8 OX          22      NA     NA     22     NA      20    NA      NA    NA   
- 9 PE          22.7    19.6   21.6   22.0   NA      21    21.6    22.8  19.4 
+ 1 BA           8       6.5   NA     NA     NA      NA    NA      NA    NA
+ 2 DM          41.2    41.5   42.7   42.6   41.9    42.6  42.1    43.2  43.4
+ 3 DO          42.7    NA     50.1   50.3   46.8    50.4  49.0    52    49.2
+ 4 DS         128.     NA    129.   125.   118.    111.  114.    126.  128.
+ 5 NL         171.    136.   154.   171.   164.    192.  176.    170.  134.
+ 6 OL          32.1    28.6   35.5   34     33.0    32.6  31.8    NA    30.3
+ 7 OT          24.1    24.1   23.7   24.9   26.5    23.6  23.5    22    24.1
+ 8 OX          22      NA     NA     22     NA      20    NA      NA    NA
+ 9 PE          22.7    19.6   21.6   22.0   NA      21    21.6    22.8  19.4
 10 PF           7.12    7.23   6.57   6.89   6.75    7.5   7.54    7     6.78
-11 PH          28      31     NA     NA     NA      29    NA      NA    NA   
-12 PM          20.1    23.6   23.7   23.9   NA      23.7  22.3    23.4  23   
-13 PP          17.1    13.6   14.3   16.4   14.8    19.8  16.8    NA    13.9 
-14 RF          14.8    17     NA     16     NA      14    12.1    13    NA   
-15 RM          10.3     9.89  10.9   10.6   10.4    10.8  10.6    10.7   9   
-16 SF          NA      49     NA     NA     NA      NA    NA      NA    NA   
-17 SH          76.0    79.9   NA     88     NA      82.7  NA      NA    NA   
-18 SS          NA      NA     NA     NA     NA      NA    NA      NA    NA   
+11 PH          28      31     NA     NA     NA      29    NA      NA    NA
+12 PM          20.1    23.6   23.7   23.9   NA      23.7  22.3    23.4  23
+13 PP          17.1    13.6   14.3   16.4   14.8    19.8  16.8    NA    13.9
+14 RF          14.8    17     NA     16     NA      14    12.1    13    NA
+15 RM          10.3     9.89  10.9   10.6   10.4    10.8  10.6    10.7   9
+16 SF          NA      49     NA     NA     NA      NA    NA      NA    NA
+17 SH          76.0    79.9   NA     88     NA      82.7  NA      NA    NA
+18 SS          NA      NA     NA     NA     NA      NA    NA      NA    NA
 # ℹ 15 more variables: plot_9 &lt;dbl&gt;, plot_10 &lt;dbl&gt;, plot_11 &lt;dbl&gt;,
 #   plot_12 &lt;dbl&gt;, plot_13 &lt;dbl&gt;, plot_14 &lt;dbl&gt;, plot_15 &lt;dbl&gt;, plot_16 &lt;dbl&gt;,
 #   plot_17 &lt;dbl&gt;, plot_18 &lt;dbl&gt;, plot_19 &lt;dbl&gt;, plot_20 &lt;dbl&gt;, plot_22 &lt;dbl&gt;,
@@ -2059,24 +2059,24 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 # Groups:   species_id [18]
    species_id plot_3 plot_21 plot_1 plot_2 plot_4 plot_5 plot_6 plot_7 plot_8
    &lt;chr&gt;       &lt;dbl&gt;   &lt;dbl&gt;  &lt;dbl&gt;  &lt;dbl&gt;  &lt;dbl&gt;  &lt;dbl&gt;  &lt;dbl&gt;  &lt;dbl&gt;  &lt;dbl&gt;
- 1 BA           8       6.5   NA     NA     NA      NA    NA      NA    NA   
- 2 DM          41.2    41.5   42.7   42.6   41.9    42.6  42.1    43.2  43.4 
- 3 DO          42.7    NA     50.1   50.3   46.8    50.4  49.0    52    49.2 
- 4 DS         128.     NA    129.   125.   118.    111.  114.    126.  128.  
- 5 NL         171.    136.   154.   171.   164.    192.  176.    170.  134.  
- 6 OL          32.1    28.6   35.5   34     33.0    32.6  31.8    NA    30.3 
- 7 OT          24.1    24.1   23.7   24.9   26.5    23.6  23.5    22    24.1 
- 8 OX          22      NA     NA     22     NA      20    NA      NA    NA   
- 9 PE          22.7    19.6   21.6   22.0   NA      21    21.6    22.8  19.4 
+ 1 BA           8       6.5   NA     NA     NA      NA    NA      NA    NA
+ 2 DM          41.2    41.5   42.7   42.6   41.9    42.6  42.1    43.2  43.4
+ 3 DO          42.7    NA     50.1   50.3   46.8    50.4  49.0    52    49.2
+ 4 DS         128.     NA    129.   125.   118.    111.  114.    126.  128.
+ 5 NL         171.    136.   154.   171.   164.    192.  176.    170.  134.
+ 6 OL          32.1    28.6   35.5   34     33.0    32.6  31.8    NA    30.3
+ 7 OT          24.1    24.1   23.7   24.9   26.5    23.6  23.5    22    24.1
+ 8 OX          22      NA     NA     22     NA      20    NA      NA    NA
+ 9 PE          22.7    19.6   21.6   22.0   NA      21    21.6    22.8  19.4
 10 PF           7.12    7.23   6.57   6.89   6.75    7.5   7.54    7     6.78
-11 PH          28      31     NA     NA     NA      29    NA      NA    NA   
-12 PM          20.1    23.6   23.7   23.9   NA      23.7  22.3    23.4  23   
-13 PP          17.1    13.6   14.3   16.4   14.8    19.8  16.8    NA    13.9 
-14 RF          14.8    17     NA     16     NA      14    12.1    13    NA   
-15 RM          10.3     9.89  10.9   10.6   10.4    10.8  10.6    10.7   9   
-16 SF          NA      49     NA     NA     NA      NA    NA      NA    NA   
-17 SH          76.0    79.9   NA     88     NA      82.7  NA      NA    NA   
-18 SS          NA      NA     NA     NA     NA      NA    NA      NA    NA   
+11 PH          28      31     NA     NA     NA      29    NA      NA    NA
+12 PM          20.1    23.6   23.7   23.9   NA      23.7  22.3    23.4  23
+13 PP          17.1    13.6   14.3   16.4   14.8    19.8  16.8    NA    13.9
+14 RF          14.8    17     NA     16     NA      14    12.1    13    NA
+15 RM          10.3     9.89  10.9   10.6   10.4    10.8  10.6    10.7   9
+16 SF          NA      49     NA     NA     NA      NA    NA      NA    NA
+17 SH          76.0    79.9   NA     88     NA      82.7  NA      NA    NA
+18 SS          NA      NA     NA     NA     NA      NA    NA      NA    NA
 # ℹ 15 more variables: plot_9 &lt;dbl&gt;, plot_10 &lt;dbl&gt;, plot_11 &lt;dbl&gt;,
 #   plot_12 &lt;dbl&gt;, plot_13 &lt;dbl&gt;, plot_14 &lt;dbl&gt;, plot_15 &lt;dbl&gt;, plot_16 &lt;dbl&gt;,
 #   plot_17 &lt;dbl&gt;, plot_18 &lt;dbl&gt;, plot_19 &lt;dbl&gt;, plot_20 &lt;dbl&gt;, plot_22 &lt;dbl&gt;,
@@ -2143,18 +2143,18 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
       		<footer class="row footer mx-md-3"><hr><div class="col-md-6">
         <p>This lesson is subject to the <a href="CODE_OF_CONDUCT.html">Code of Conduct</a></p>
         <p>
-        
+
         <a href="https://github.com/datacarpentry/R-ecology-lesson-alternative/edit/main/episodes/working-with-data.Rmd" class="external-link">Edit on GitHub</a>
-        
+
 	
         | <a href="https://github.com/datacarpentry/R-ecology-lesson-alternative/blob/main/CONTRIBUTING.md" class="external-link">Contributing</a>
         | <a href="https://github.com/datacarpentry/R-ecology-lesson-alternative/" class="external-link">Source</a></p>
 				<p><a href="https://github.com/datacarpentry/R-ecology-lesson-alternative/blob/main/CITATION" class="external-link">Cite</a> | <a href="mailto:team@carpentries.org">Contact</a> | <a href="https://carpentries.org/about/" class="external-link">About</a></p>
 			</div>
 			<div class="col-md-6">
-        
+
         <p>Materials licensed under <a href="LICENSE.html">CC-BY 4.0</a> by the authors</p>
-        
+
         <p>Template licensed under <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/" class="external-link">CC-BY 4.0</a> by <a href="https://carpentries.org/" class="external-link">The Carpentries</a></p>
         <p>Built with <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/sandpaper/tree/0.16.5" class="external-link">sandpaper (0.16.5)</a>, <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/pegboard/tree/0.7.6" class="external-link">pegboard (0.7.6)</a>, and <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/varnish/tree/1.0.3" class="external-link">varnish (1.0.3)</a></p>
 			</div>
@@ -2178,8 +2178,8 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
   "url": "https://datacarpentry.github.io/R-ecology-lesson-alternative/working-with-data.html",
   "identifier": "https://datacarpentry.github.io/R-ecology-lesson-alternative/working-with-data.html",
   "dateCreated": "2015-04-02",
-  "dateModified": "2024-07-02",
-  "datePublished": "2024-07-02"
+  "dateModified": "2024-07-08",
+  "datePublished": "2024-07-08"
 }
 
   </script><script>