[rules_ios] Rebase onto upstream 4.8.2, squash patches, and fix / cleanup custom patches #9

Job	Run time
Legacy xcodeproj tests (Bazel 6.5.0 / Xcode 15.2)	23m 12s
Buildifier and Documentation (Bazel 7.1.0 / Xcode 15.2)	28s
arm64 Simulator (Bazel 6.5.0 / Xcode 15.2)	6m 16s
Build and test (Bazel 6.5.0 / Xcode 15.2 / Virtual Frameworks true)	4m 36s
LLDB tests (Bazel 6.5.0 / Xcode 15.2)	6m 43s
arm64 Simulator (Bazel 7.1.0 / Xcode 15.2)	26s
Build and test (Bazel 6.5.0 / Xcode 15.2 / Virtual Frameworks false)	7m 43s
iOS App Multiple Architectures (Bazel 6.5.0 / Xcode 15.2)	1m 20s
LLDB tests (Bazel 7.1.0 / Xcode 15.2)	5m 41s
Build and test (Bazel 7.1.0 / Xcode 15.2 / Virtual Frameworks true)	40s
iOS App Multiple Architectures (Bazel 7.1.0 / Xcode 15.2)	56s
Build and test (Bazel 7.1.0 / Xcode 15.2 / Virtual Frameworks false)	24s
	58m 25s

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