Add option to generate generic explain plans for Postgres

Earthfile

@@ -103,7 +103,7 @@ integration-test-mysql:
 
 
 integration-test-mssql:
-    ARG TARGETARCH 
+    ARG TARGETARCH
     FROM +setup-base
 
     RUN apk add --no-cache curl gnupg --virtual .build-dependencies -- && \

integration_test/pg/explain_test.exs

@@ -27,16 +27,65 @@ defmodule Ecto.Integration.ExplainTest do
     end)
   end
 
+  @tag :plan_cache_mode
+  test "explain with fallback generic plan" do
+    # when using fallback generic plan , placeholders are used instead of values. i.e. $1 instead of 1
+    query = from p in Post, where: p.visits == ^1 and p.title == ^"title"
+
+    explain =
+      TestRepo.explain(:all, query, plan: :fallback_generic, verbose: true, timeout: 20000)
+
+    assert explain =~ "p0.visits = $1"
+    assert explain =~ "(p0.title)::text = $2"
+  end
+
+  test "explain with fallback generic plan cannot use analyze" do
+    msg = ~r/analyze cannot be used with a `:fallback_generic` explain plan/
+
+    assert_raise ArgumentError, msg, fn ->
+      TestRepo.explain(:all, Post, plan: :fallback_generic, analyze: true)
+    end
+  end
+
+  test "explain with custom plan" do
+    # when using custom plan, values are used instead of placeholders. i.e. 1 instead of $1
+    query = from p in Post, where: p.visits == ^1 and p.title == ^"title"
+
+    explain =
+      TestRepo.explain(:all, query, plan: :custom, analyze: true, verbose: true, timeout: 20000)
+
+    refute explain =~ "$1"
+    refute explain =~ "$2"
+    assert explain =~ "p0.visits = 1"
+    assert explain =~ "(p0.title)::text = 'title'"
+  end
+
+  @tag :explain_generic
+  test "explain with generic plan" do
+    # when using generic plan, placeholders are used instead of values. i.e. $1 instead of 1
+    query = from p in Post, where: p.visits == ^1 and p.title == ^"title"
+
+    explain =
+      TestRepo.explain(:all, query, plan: :generic, analyze: true, verbose: true, timeout: 20000)
+
+    assert explain =~ "p0.visits = $1"
+    assert explain =~ "(p0.title)::text = $2"
+  end
+
   test "explain MAP format" do
-    [explain] = TestRepo.explain(:all, Post, analyze: true, verbose: true, timeout: 20000, format: :map)
-    keys = explain["Plan"] |> Map.keys
+    [explain] =
+      TestRepo.explain(:all, Post, analyze: true, verbose: true, timeout: 20000, format: :map)
+
+    keys = explain["Plan"] |> Map.keys()
     assert Enum.member?(keys, "Actual Loops")
     assert Enum.member?(keys, "Actual Rows")
     assert Enum.member?(keys, "Actual Startup Time")
   end
 
   test "explain YAML format" do
-    explain = TestRepo.explain(:all, Post, analyze: true, verbose: true, timeout: 20000, format: :yaml)
+    explain =
+      TestRepo.explain(:all, Post, analyze: true, verbose: true, timeout: 20000, format: :yaml)
+
     assert explain =~ ~r/Plan:/
     assert explain =~ ~r/Node Type:/
     assert explain =~ ~r/Relation Name:/

integration_test/pg/test_helper.exs

@@ -100,16 +100,24 @@ version =
 excludes = [:selected_as_with_having, :selected_as_with_order_by_expression]
 excludes_above_9_5 = [:without_conflict_target]
 excludes_below_9_6 = [:add_column_if_not_exists, :no_error_on_conditional_column_migration]
+excludes_below_12_0 = [:plan_cache_mode]
 excludes_below_15_0 = [:on_delete_nilify_column_list]
+excludes_below_16_0 = [:explain_generic]
 
 exclude_list = excludes ++ excludes_above_9_5
 
 cond do
   Version.match?(version, "< 9.6.0") ->
-    ExUnit.configure(exclude: exclude_list ++ excludes_below_9_6 ++ excludes_below_15_0)
+    ExUnit.configure(exclude: exclude_list ++ excludes_below_9_6 ++ excludes_below_12_0 ++ excludes_below_15_0 ++ excludes_below_16_0)
+
+  Version.match?(version, "< 12.0.0") ->
+    ExUnit.configure(exclude: exclude_list ++ excludes_below_12_0 ++ excludes_below_15_0 ++ excludes_below_16_0)
 
   Version.match?(version, "< 15.0.0") ->
-    ExUnit.configure(exclude: exclude_list ++ excludes_below_15_0)
+    ExUnit.configure(exclude: exclude_list ++ excludes_below_15_0 ++ excludes_below_16_0)
+
+  Version.match?(version, "< 16.0.0") ->
+    ExUnit.configure(exclude: exclude_list ++ excludes_below_16_0)
 
   true ->
     ExUnit.configure(exclude: exclude_list)

lib/ecto/adapters/postgres/connection.ex

@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ if Code.ensure_loaded?(Postgrex) do
 
     @default_port 5432
     @behaviour Ecto.Adapters.SQL.Connection
+    @explain_prepared_statement_name "ecto_explain_statement"
 
     ## Module and Options
 
@@ -357,11 +358,33 @@ if Code.ensure_loaded?(Postgrex) do
     @impl true
     def explain_query(conn, query, params, opts) do
       {explain_opts, opts} =
-        Keyword.split(opts, ~w[analyze verbose costs settings buffers timing summary format]a)
+        Keyword.split(
+          opts,
+          ~w[analyze verbose costs settings buffers timing summary format plan]a
+        )
+
+      fallback_generic? = explain_opts[:plan] == :fallback_generic
 
-      map_format? = {:format, :map} in explain_opts
+      result =
+        cond do
+          fallback_generic? and explain_opts[:analyze] ->
+            raise ArgumentError,
+                  "analyze cannot be used with a `:fallback_generic` explain plan " <>
+                    "as the actual parameter values are ignored under this plan type." <>
+                    "You may either change the plan type to `:custom` or remove the `:analyze` option."
+
+          fallback_generic? ->
+            explain_opts = Keyword.delete(explain_opts, :plan)
+            explain_queries = build_fallback_generic_queries(query, length(params), explain_opts)
+            fallback_generic_query(conn, explain_queries, opts)
+
+          true ->
+            query(conn, build_explain_query(query, explain_opts), params, opts)
+        end
 
-      case query(conn, build_explain_query(query, explain_opts), params, opts) do
+      map_format? = explain_opts[:format] == :map
+
+      case result do
         {:ok, %Postgrex.Result{rows: rows}} when map_format? ->
           {:ok, List.flatten(rows)}
 
@@ -373,12 +396,45 @@ if Code.ensure_loaded?(Postgrex) do
       end
     end
 
-    def build_explain_query(query, []) do
-      ["EXPLAIN ", query]
-      |> IO.iodata_to_binary()
+    def build_fallback_generic_queries(query, num_params, opts) do
+      prepare =
+        [
+          "PREPARE ",
+          @explain_prepared_statement_name,
+          "(",
+          Enum.map_intersperse(1..num_params, ", ", fn _ -> "unknown" end),
+          ") AS ",
+          query
+        ]
+        |> IO.iodata_to_binary()
+
+      set = "SET LOCAL plan_cache_mode = force_generic_plan"
+
+      execute =
+        [
+          "EXPLAIN ",
+          build_explain_opts(opts),
+          "EXECUTE ",
+          @explain_prepared_statement_name,
+          "(",
+          Enum.map_intersperse(1..num_params, ", ", fn _ -> "NULL" end),
+          ")"
+        ]
+        |> IO.iodata_to_binary()
+
+      deallocate = "DEALLOCATE #{@explain_prepared_statement_name}"
+
+      {prepare, set, execute, deallocate}
     end
 
     def build_explain_query(query, opts) do
+      ["EXPLAIN ", build_explain_opts(opts), query]
+      |> IO.iodata_to_binary()
+    end
+
+    defp build_explain_opts([]), do: []
+
+    defp build_explain_opts(opts) do
       {analyze, opts} = Keyword.pop(opts, :analyze)
       {verbose, opts} = Keyword.pop(opts, :verbose)
 
@@ -388,10 +444,8 @@ if Code.ensure_loaded?(Postgrex) do
       case opts do
         [] ->
           [
-            "EXPLAIN ",
             if_do(quote_boolean(analyze) == "TRUE", "ANALYZE "),
-            if_do(quote_boolean(verbose) == "TRUE", "VERBOSE "),
-            query
+            if_do(quote_boolean(verbose) == "TRUE", "VERBOSE ")
           ]
 
         opts ->
@@ -404,15 +458,31 @@ if Code.ensure_loaded?(Postgrex) do
               {:format, value}, acc ->
                 [String.upcase("#{format_to_sql(value)}") | acc]
 
+              {:plan, :generic}, acc ->
+                ["GENERIC" | acc]
+
+              {:plan, _}, acc ->
+                acc
+
               {opt, value}, acc ->
                 [String.upcase("#{opt} #{quote_boolean(value)}") | acc]
             end)
             |> Enum.reverse()
             |> Enum.join(", ")
 
-          ["EXPLAIN ( ", opts, " ) ", query]
+          ["( ", opts, " ) "]
+      end
+    end
+
+    defp fallback_generic_query(conn, queries, opts) do
+      {prepare, set, execute, deallocate} = queries
+
+      with {:ok, _} <- query(conn, prepare, [], opts),
+           {:ok, _} <- query(conn, set, [], opts),
+           {:ok, result} <- query(conn, execute, [], opts),
+           {:ok, _} <- query(conn, deallocate, [], opts) do
+        {:ok, result}
       end
-      |> IO.iodata_to_binary()
     end
 
     ## Query generation

lib/ecto/adapters/sql.ex

@@ -387,7 +387,7 @@ defmodule Ecto.Adapters.SQL do
 
   Adapter          | Supported opts
   ---------------- | --------------
-  Postgrex         | `analyze`, `verbose`, `costs`, `settings`, `buffers`, `timing`, `summary`, `format`
+  Postgrex         | `analyze`, `verbose`, `costs`, `settings`, `buffers`, `timing`, `summary`, `format`, `plan`
   MyXQL            | `format`
 
   All options except `format` are boolean valued and default to `false`.
@@ -400,6 +400,13 @@ defmodule Ecto.Adapters.SQL do
     * Postgrex: `:map`, `:yaml` and `:text`
     * MyXQL: `:map` and `:text`
 
+  The `:plan` option in Postgres can take the values `:custom`, `:generic` or `:fallback_generic`.
+  When `:custom` is specified, the explain plan generated by Postgres will consider the specific values
+  of the query parameters that are supplied. When using `:generic` or `:fallback_generic`, the specific
+  values of the query parameters will be ignored. The difference between the two is that `:generic`
+  utilizes Postgres's built-in functionality (available since Postgres 16) and `:fallback_generic` is
+  a special implementation for earlier Postgres versions. Defaults to `:custom`.
+
   Any other value passed to `opts` will be forwarded to the underlying adapter query function, including
   shared Repo options such as `:timeout`. Non built-in adapters may have specific behaviour and you should
   consult their documentation for more details.