add usb_device

[tomaszduda23]

What does this implement/fix?

show status of usb device. Part of #3917. It is also applicable for cdc logger.

Types of changes

• Bugfix (non-breaking change which fixes an issue)
• New feature (non-breaking change which adds functionality)
• Breaking change (fix or feature that would cause existing functionality to not work as expected)
• Other

Related issue or feature (if applicable): fixes

Pull request in esphome-docs with documentation (if applicable): esphome/esphome-docs#

Test Environment

• ESP32
• ESP32 IDF
• ESP8266
• RP2040
• BK72xx
• RTL87xx
• esp32 s2
• esp32 s3

Example entry for config.yaml:

binary_sensor:
  - platform: usb_device
    configured:
      name: USB is configured

Checklist:

• The code change is tested and works locally.
• Tests have been added to verify that the new code works (under tests/ folder).

If user exposed functionality or configuration variables are added/changed:

• Documentation added/updated in esphome-docs.

esphome/esphome-docs#4295

[probot-esphome]

Hey there @tomaszduda23,
Thanks for submitting this pull request! Can you add yourself as a codeowner for this integration? This way we can notify you if a bug report for this integration is reported.
In __init__.py of the integration, please add:

CODEOWNERS = ["@tomaszduda23"]

And run script/build_codeowners.py

_{^{(message by NeedsCodeownersLabel)}}

[codecov-commenter]

Codecov Report

All modified and coverable lines are covered by tests ✅

Project coverage is 54.02%. Comparing base (4d8b5ed) to head (152a4ab).
Report is 1416 commits behind head on dev.

Additional details and impacted files

@@            Coverage Diff             @@
##              dev    #7520      +/-   ##
==========================================
+ Coverage   53.70%   54.02%   +0.31%     
==========================================
  Files          50       50              
  Lines        9408     9697     +289     
  Branches     1654     1711      +57     
==========================================
+ Hits         5053     5239     +186     
- Misses       4056     4127      +71     
- Partials      299      331      +32     

☔ View full report in Codecov by Sentry.
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[jesserockz]

This is an Arduino Library, new esp32 components should be directly using esp-idf headers and functions, not Arduino ones.

[tomaszduda23]

done. There are 2 cases:

1. Arduino uses tinyusb for cdc logger
2. esp-idf use in rom cdc

[esphome]

Please take a look at the requested changes, and use the Ready for review button when you are done, thanks 👍

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