core/state: parallelise parts of state commit

core/state/state_object.go

@@ -403,6 +403,9 @@ func (s *stateObject) updateRoot() {
 // commit obtains a set of dirty storage trie nodes and updates the account data.
 // The returned set can be nil if nothing to commit. This function assumes all
 // storage mutations have already been flushed into trie by updateRoot.
+//
+// Note, commit may run concurrently across all the state objects. Do not assume
+// thread-safe access to the statedb.
 func (s *stateObject) commit() (*trienode.NodeSet, error) {
 	// Short circuit if trie is not even loaded, don't bother with committing anything
 	if s.trie == nil {

core/state/statedb.go

@@ -21,8 +21,10 @@ import (
 	"fmt"
 	"maps"
 	"math/big"
+	"runtime"
 	"slices"
 	"sort"
+	"sync"
 	"time"
 
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common"
@@ -31,6 +33,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/tracing"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/types"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/crypto"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/internal/syncx"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/log"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/params"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/trie"
@@ -1146,47 +1149,78 @@ func (s *StateDB) Commit(block uint64, deleteEmptyObjects bool) (common.Hash, er
 		storageTrieNodesUpdated int
 		storageTrieNodesDeleted int
 		nodes                   = trienode.NewMergedNodeSet()
-		codeWriter              = s.db.DiskDB().NewBatch()
 	)
 	// Handle all state deletions first
 	if err := s.handleDestruction(nodes); err != nil {
 		return common.Hash{}, err
 	}
-	// Handle all state updates afterwards
+	// Handle all state updates afterwards, concurrently to one another to shave
+	// off some milliseconds from the commit operation. Also accumulate the code
+	// writes to run in parallel with the computations.
 	start := time.Now()
+	var (
+		code = s.db.DiskDB().NewBatch()
+		lock sync.Mutex
+	)
+	workers := syncx.NewWorkerPool[*stateObject, error](len(s.mutations), min(len(s.mutations), runtime.NumCPU()),
+		func(obj *stateObject) error {
+			// Write any storage changes in the state object to its storage trie
+			set, err := obj.commit()
+			if err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+			// Merge the dirty nodes of storage trie into global set. It is possible
+			// that the account was destructed and then resurrected in the same block.
+			// In this case, the node set is shared by both accounts.
+			if set != nil {
+				lock.Lock()
+				defer lock.Unlock()
+
+				if err = nodes.Merge(set); err != nil {
+					return err
+				}
+				updates, deleted := set.Size()
+				storageTrieNodesUpdated += updates
+				storageTrieNodesDeleted += deleted
+			}
+			return nil
+		})
+
 	for addr, op := range s.mutations {
 		if op.isDelete() {
 			continue
 		}
-		obj := s.stateObjects[addr]
-
 		// Write any contract code associated with the state object
+		obj := s.stateObjects[addr]
 		if obj.code != nil && obj.dirtyCode {
-			rawdb.WriteCode(codeWriter, common.BytesToHash(obj.CodeHash()), obj.code)
+			rawdb.WriteCode(code, common.BytesToHash(obj.CodeHash()), obj.code)
 			obj.dirtyCode = false
 		}
-		// Write any storage changes in the state object to its storage trie
-		set, err := obj.commit()
-		if err != nil {
-			return common.Hash{}, err
-		}
-		// Merge the dirty nodes of storage trie into global set. It is possible
-		// that the account was destructed and then resurrected in the same block.
-		// In this case, the node set is shared by both accounts.
-		if set != nil {
-			if err := nodes.Merge(set); err != nil {
-				return common.Hash{}, err
-			}
-			updates, deleted := set.Size()
-			storageTrieNodesUpdated += updates
-			storageTrieNodesDeleted += deleted
+		// Run the storage updates concurrently to one another
+		workers.Schedule(obj)
+	}
+	workers.Close()
+
+	// Updates running concurrently, wait for them to complete; running the code
+	// writes in the meantime.
+	done := make(chan struct{})
+	go func() {
+		// This goroutine is only needed to accurately measure the storage commit
+		// and not have the concurrent code write dirty the stats.
+		defer close(done)
+
+		workers.Wait()
+		s.StorageCommits += time.Since(start)
+	}()
+	if code.ValueSize() > 0 {
+		if err := code.Write(); err != nil {
+			log.Crit("Failed to commit dirty codes", "error", err)
 		}
 	}
-	s.StorageCommits += time.Since(start)
-
-	if codeWriter.ValueSize() > 0 {
-		if err := codeWriter.Write(); err != nil {
-			log.Crit("Failed to commit dirty codes", "error", err)
+	<-done
+	for err := range workers.Results() {
+		if err != nil {
+			return common.Hash{}, err
 		}
 	}
 	// Write the account trie changes, measuring the amount of wasted time

internal/syncx/workerpool.go

@@ -0,0 +1,94 @@
+// Copyright 2024 The go-ethereum Authors
+// This file is part of the go-ethereum library.
+//
+// The go-ethereum library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The go-ethereum library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the go-ethereum library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package syncx
+
+import (
+	"runtime"
+	"sync"
+)
+
+// WorkerPool is a concurrent task processor, scheduling and running tasks from
+// a source channel, feeding any errors into a sink.
+type WorkerPool[T any, R any] struct {
+	tasks   chan T         // Input channel waiting to consume tasks
+	results chan R         // Result channel for consuers to wait on
+	working sync.WaitGroup // Waitgroup blocking on worker liveness
+}
+
+// NewWorkerPool creates a worker pool with the given number of max task capacity
+// and an optional goroutine count to execute on. If 0 threads are requested, the
+// pool will default to the number of (logical) CPUs.
+func NewWorkerPool[T any, R any](tasks int, threads int, f func(T) R) *WorkerPool[T, R] {
+	// Create the worker pool
+	pool := &WorkerPool[T, R]{
+		tasks:   make(chan T, tasks),
+		results: make(chan R, tasks),
+	}
+	// Start all the data processor routines
+	if threads == 0 {
+		threads = runtime.NumCPU()
+	}
+	pool.working.Add(threads)
+	for i := 0; i < threads; i++ {
+		go pool.work(f)
+	}
+	return pool
+}
+
+// Close signals the end of the task stream. It does not block execution, rather
+// returns immediately and users have to explicitly call Wait to block until the
+// pool actually spins down. Alternatively, consumers can read the results chan,
+// which will be closed after the last result is delivered.
+//
+// Calling Close multiple times will panic. Not particularly hard to avoid, but
+// it's really a programming error.
+func (pool *WorkerPool[T, R]) Close() {
+	close(pool.tasks)
+	go func() {
+		pool.working.Wait()
+		close(pool.results)
+	}()
+}
+
+// Wait blocks until all the scheduled tasks have been processed.
+func (pool *WorkerPool[T, R]) Wait() {
+	pool.working.Wait()
+}
+
+// Schedule adds a task to the work queue.
+func (pool *WorkerPool[T, R]) Schedule(task T) {
+	pool.tasks <- task
+}
+
+// Results retrieves the result channel to consume the output of the individual
+// work tasks. The channel will be closed after all tasks are done.
+//
+// Note, as long as the number of actually scheduled tasks are smaller or equal
+// to the requested number form the constructor, it's fine to not consume this
+// channel.
+func (pool *WorkerPool[T, R]) Results() chan R {
+	return pool.results
+}
+
+// work is the (one of many) goroutine consuming input tasks and executing them
+// to compute the results.
+func (pool *WorkerPool[T, R]) work(f func(T) R) {
+	defer pool.working.Done()
+	for task := range pool.tasks {
+		pool.results <- f(task)
+	}
+}