Managing Accounts
WARNING: 🎓 Remember your password. 💣
If you lose the password you use to encrypt your account, you will not be able to access that account. Repeat: It is NOT possible to access your account without a password and there is no forgot my password option here. Do not forget it.
Note: the key file name naming convention changed as of 0.9.36. This document is meant to reflect accurate information on accounts as used by the Frontier release.
Note: If you're interested in managing a large number (~100k+) accounts, please check out the Indexing Accounts Wiki page.
Geth provides account management via the account subcommand:
geth account [subcommand] [arguments...]The account manager allows you to create new accounts, list all existing accounts, import a private key into a new account, migrate to newest key format and change your password.
It supports interactive mode, when you are prompted for password as well as non-interactive mode where passwords are supplied via a given password file. Non-interactive mode is only meant for scripted use on test networks or known safe environments.
Make sure you remember the password you gave when creating a new account (with new, update or import). Without it you are not able to unlock your account.
Note that exporting your key in unencrypted format is NOT supported.
Keys are stored under <DATADIR>/keystore. Make sure you backup your keys regularly! See DATADIR backup & restore for more information.
The newest format of the keyfiles is: UTC--<created_at UTC ISO8601>-<address hex>. The order of accounts when listing, is lexicographic, but as a consequence of the timespamp format, it is actually order of creation.
It is safe to transfer the entire directory or the individual keys therein between ethereum nodes. Note that in case you are adding keys to your node from a different node, the order of accounts may change. So make sure you do not rely or change the index in your scripts or code snippets.
And finally. DO NOT FORGET YOUR PASSWORD 🚱
SUBCOMMANDS:
list print account addresses
new create a new account
update update an existing account
import import a private key into a new account
You can get info about further subcommands by geth account help <subcommand>
Accounts can also be managed via the Javascript Console
$ geth account new
Your new account is locked with a password. Please give a password. Do not forget this password.
Passphrase:
Repeat Passphrase:
Address: {168bc315a2ee09042d83d7c5811b533620531f67}
$ geth account list
Account #0: {a94f5374fce5edbc8e2a8697c15331677e6ebf0b}
Account #1: {c385233b188811c9f355d4caec14df86d6248235}
Account #2: {7f444580bfef4b9bc7e14eb7fb2a029336b07c9d}
$ geth --datadir /someOtherEthDataDir account import ./key.prv
The new account will be encrypted with a passphrase.
Please enter a passphrase now.
Passphrase:
Repeat Passphrase:
Address: {7f444580bfef4b9bc7e14eb7fb2a029336b07c9d}
$ geth account update a94f5374fce5edbc8e2a8697c15331677e6ebf0b
Unlocking account a94f5374fce5edbc8e2a8697c15331677e6ebf0b | Attempt 1/3
Passphrase:
0xa94f5374fce5edbc8e2a8697c15331677e6ebf0b
Account 'a94f5374fce5edbc8e2a8697c15331677e6ebf0b' unlocked.
Please give a new password. Do not forget this password.
Passphrase:
Repeat Passphrase:
0xa94f5374fce5edbc8e2a8697c15331677e6ebf0b
You supply a plaintext password file as argument to the --password flag. The data in the file consists of the raw characters of the password, followed by a single newline.
Note: Supplying the password directly as part of the command line is not recommended, but you can always use shell trickery to get round this restriction.
$ geth --password /path/to/password account new
$ geth --password /path/to/password account update b0047c606f3af7392e073ed13253f8f4710b08b6
$ geth account list
$ geth --datadir /someOtherEthDataDir --password /path/to/anotherpassword account import ./key.prv
geth account new
Creates a new account and prints the address.
On the console, use:
> personal.newAccount("passphrase")
The account is saved in encrypted format. You must remember this passphrase to unlock your account in the future.
For non-interactive use the passphrase can be specified with the --password flag:
geth --password <passwordfile> account new
Note, this is meant to be used for testing only, it is a bad idea to save your password to file or expose in any other way.
geth account import <keyfile>
Imports an unencrypted private key from <keyfile> and creates a new account and prints the address.
The keyfile is assumed to contain an unencrypted private key as canonical EC raw bytes encoded into hex.
The account is saved in encrypted format, you are prompted for a passphrase.
You must remember this passphrase to unlock your account in the future.
For non-interactive use the passphrase can be specified with the --password flag:
geth --password <passwordfile> account import <keyfile>
Note: Since you can directly copy your encrypted accounts to another ethereum instance, this import/export mechanism is not needed when you transfer an account between nodes.
Warning: when you copy keys into an existing node's keystore, the order of accounts you are used to may change. Therefore you make sure you either do not rely on the account order or doublecheck and update the indexes used in your scripts.
Warning: If you use the password flag with a password file, best to make sure the file is not readable or even listable for anyone but you. You achieve this with:
touch /path/to/password
chmod 700 /path/to/password
cat > /path/to/password
>I type my pass here^D
You can update an existing account on the command line with the update subcommand with the account address or index as parameter.
geth account update b0047c606f3af7392e073ed13253f8f4710b08b6
geth account update 2
The account is saved in the newest version in encrypted format, you are prompted for a passphrase to unlock the account and another to save the updated file.
This same command can therefore be used to migrate an account of a deprecated format to the newest format or change the password for an account.
For non-interactive use the passphrase can be specified with the --password flag:
geth --password <passwordfile> account new
Since only one password can be given, only format update can be performed, changing your password is only possible interactively.
Note: Account update has the a side effect that the order of your accounts changes.
After a successful update, all previous formats/versions of that same key will be removed!
Importing your presale wallet is very easy. If you remember your password that is:
geth wallet import /path/to/my/presale.wallet
will prompt for your password and imports your ether presale account. It can be used non-interactively with the --password option taking a passwordfile as argument containing the wallet password in cleartext.
From the command line, call the CLI with:
$ geth account list
Account #0: {d1ade25ccd3d550a7eb532ac759cac7be09c2719}
Account #1: {da65665fc30803cb1fb7e6d86691e20b1826dee0}
Account #2: {e470b1a7d2c9c5c6f03bbaa8fa20db6d404a0c32}
Account #3: {f4dd5c3794f1fd0cdc0327a83aa472609c806e99}
to list your accounts in order of creation.
Note: This order can change if you copy keyfiles from other nodes, so make sure you either do not rely on indexes or make sure if you copy keys you check and update your account indexes in your scripts.
When using the console:
> eth.accounts
['0x407d73d8a49eeb85d32cf465507dd71d507100c1']
or via RPC:
# Request
$ curl -X POST --data '{"jsonrpc":"2.0","method":"eth_accounts","params":[],"id":1} http://127.0.0.1:8545'
# Result
{
"id":1,
"jsonrpc": "2.0",
"result": ["0x407d73d8a49eeb85d32cf465507dd71d507100c1"]
}
If you want to use an account non-interactively, you need to unlock it. You can do this on the command line with the --unlock option which takes a whitespace separated list of accounts (in hex or index) as argument so you can unlock the accounts programmatically for one session. This is useful if you want to use your account from Dapps via RPC. --unlock will unlock the first account. This is useful when you created your account programmatically, you do not need to know the actual account to unlock it.
Unlocking one account:
geth --password <(echo this is not secret!) account new
geth --password <(echo this is not secret!) --unlock primary --rpccorsdomain localhost --verbosity 6 2>> geth.log
Instead of the account address, you can use integer indexes which refers to the address position in the account listing (and corresponds to order of creation)
The command line allows you to unlock multiple accounts. In this case the argument to unlock is a whitespace delimited list of accounts addresses or indexes.
geth --unlock "0x407d73d8a49eeb85d32cf465507dd71d507100c1 0 5 e470b1a7d2c9c5c6f03bbaa8fa20db6d404a0c32"
If this construction is used non-interactively, your password file will need to contain the respective passwords for the accounts in question, one per line.
On the console you can also unlock accounts (one at a time).
personal.unlockAccount(address, "password")
Note that we do NOT recommend using the password argument here, since the console history is logged, so you may compromise your account. You have been warned.
To check your the etherbase account balance:
> web3.fromWei(eth.getBalance(eth.coinbase), "ether")
6.5
Print all balances with a JavaScript function:
function checkAllBalances() {
var totalBal = 0;
for (var acctNum in eth.accounts) {
var acct = eth.accounts[acctNum];
var acctBal = web3.fromWei(eth.getBalance(acct), "ether");
totalBal += parseFloat(acctBal);
console.log(" eth.accounts[" + acctNum + "]: \t" + acct + " \tbalance: " + acctBal + " ether");
}
console.log(" Total balance: " + totalBal + " ether");
};
That can then be executed with:
> checkAllBalances();
eth.accounts[0]: 0xd1ade25ccd3d550a7eb532ac759cac7be09c2719 balance: 63.11848 ether
eth.accounts[1]: 0xda65665fc30803cb1fb7e6d86691e20b1826dee0 balance: 0 ether
eth.accounts[2]: 0xe470b1a7d2c9c5c6f03bbaa8fa20db6d404a0c32 balance: 1 ether
eth.accounts[3]: 0xf4dd5c3794f1fd0cdc0327a83aa472609c806e99 balance: 6 ether
Since this function will disappear after restarting geth, it can be helpful to store commonly used functions to be recalled later. The loadScript function makes this very easy.
First, save the checkAllBalances() function definition to a file on your computer. For example, /Users/username/gethload.js. Then load the file from the interactive console:
> loadScript("/Users/username/gethload.js")
true
The file will modify your JavaScript environment as if you has typed the commands manually. Feel free to experiment!