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Correct spelling and finish conclusion
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geemanjs committed May 23, 2017
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18 changes: 9 additions & 9 deletions chapters/0-introduction.tex
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Expand Up @@ -6,18 +6,18 @@ \chapter{Introduction}
That is approximately 13.3 million people. In the physical world,
companies are by law
bound \citep{DDA} to ensure that this minority are able to access their services; be it by
leaving enough room to accomodate wheel chairs; or offering large text prints
leaving enough room to accommodate wheel chairs, or offering large text prints
of their products. In the digital world there are no such laws and thus the web can be a
difficult place for these users to consume services and content.

A range of assistive
tools aim to improve the experience by targeting a selection of
disabilities and offering other means to consume the content. For example,
JAWS \citep{JAWS} targets visually impaired users; reading the content,
labelling actions and offering keyboard shortcuts to navigate. The
labeling actions and offering keyboard shortcuts to navigate. The
problem
with all these tools is that they rely upon Software Engineers to produce
content semantically (using HTML, CSS and Javascript) and add metadata using,
content semantically (using HTML, CSS, and Javascript) and add metadata using,
until recently,
very loose specifications \citep{WCAG} to enable the tools to better process
the content.
Expand All @@ -27,20 +27,20 @@ \chapter{Introduction}
This identifies a clear gap in knowledge within the design/development community
when it comes to producing accessible web applications.

This project aims to to reduce the size of the gap by enabling the development
This project aims to reduce the size of the gap by enabling the development
community through education and `easy to use' tools to think about and
implement accessibility whilst coding.

This report begins with a background chapter to discuss the topic, the business
requirement, this projects goals and the methodology that will be used to
compelete it. Chapter 2 will discuss the first deliverable an
complete it. Chapter 2 will discuss the first deliverable an
accessibility guide. It will document the preparation that was undertaken and
then then how the deliverable was designed and implemented. Chapter 3 will be
then how the deliverable was designed and implemented. Chapter 3 will be
of similar structure, using the knowledge learned building the guide it will
discuss the creation of a tool for assessing accessibilty issues. A
discuss the creation of a tool for assessing accessibility issues. A
critical evaluation of the project will follow discussing the successes
and shortcomings as well as personal reflections on the journey. Followed by
of course a concluding paragraph, references and appendecies.
and shortcomings as well as personal reflections on the journey. Finally, a
concluding paragraph, references, and appendices will end the report.

% The Introduction should clearly lay out the principal motivation for the
% project
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56 changes: 27 additions & 29 deletions chapters/1-background.tex
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Expand Up @@ -8,7 +8,7 @@
\chapter{Background}
\section{What is accessibility?}
"Accessibility" is a subjective term which offers many opinionated
definitions. The \cite*{OxDict} defines accessiblity as:
definitions. The \cite*{OxDict} defines accessibility as:
\begin{quote}
"The quality of being able to be reached or entered"
\end{quote}
Expand All @@ -31,10 +31,10 @@ \section{What is accessibility?}
used by individuals with disabilities"
\end{quote}

Finally \cite*{JimByrne} founder of Guild of Web Designers offers an interesting
Finally, \cite*{JimByrne} founder of Guild of Web Designers offers an interesting
insight. He refers to Google as a blind visitor which is technically correct
as google will never be able to see all the `pretty' pictures on your website.
It can however understand text and markup. This hints at the fact that
It can however, understand text and markup. This hints at the fact that
improving the markup will improve the experience for not just users of
assistive tools, but machines too.

Expand All @@ -43,14 +43,13 @@ \section{What is accessibility?}
\end{quote}

To me, accessibility is a way of thinking. It requires a range of disciplines
and should start with what the users goal is. If any type of user is unable to
acheive the goal they came to acheive then the web page is inaccessible. It
is unfortunately entirely possible to have the most semantic well
structured web page yet it is still totally inaccessible.
and should start with what the users' goal is. If any type of user is unable to
achieve the goal they came to achieve then the web page is inaccessible. It
is unfortunately entirely possible to have the most semantic well-structured web page yet it still be totally inaccessible.

\section{Business Context \& Requirement}
Capgemini undertakes a range of projects across both public and private
sector. In the current digital climate most projects involve the
sector. In the current digital climate, most projects involve the
development of some form of web frontend. As a Professional Services supplier it
is quite common for Software Engineers to be multi-skilled and thus web
development may not be a ``core skill". A common problem is that developers
Expand All @@ -61,7 +60,7 @@ \section{Business Context \& Requirement}
These mistakes are only identified later in the project when
'assistive tool' testing is performed at which point repetitive and sometimes
significant rework may be necessary. The agile 'Cost of Change' \citep{CostOfChange} curve
shown in Fig.~\ref{fig:costOfChange} demonstrates this.
shown in Fig.~\ref{fig:costOfChange} demonstrates the cost of a change as the time moves on in a project.

\begin{figure}[H]
\centering
Expand All @@ -71,14 +70,14 @@ \section{Business Context \& Requirement}
\label{fig:costOfChange}}
\end{figure}

With this in mind this project aims to enable developers with limited
With this in mind, this project aims to enable developers with limited
experience in web development to write cleaner, more semantic code. It is
through educating developers that the primary goal of offering a better
through educating developers that offering a better
experience to users of assistive tools can be achieved.


By building a tool that can be used during
the development process the feedback loop on issues will be much
the development process, the feedback loop on issues will be much
shorter and as described in agile 'cost of change' the cost of remediation
much lower. The tool will be supported by an accessibility guide which can
be used either to teach or to reference when trying to understand.
Expand Down Expand Up @@ -113,7 +112,7 @@ \section{Business Context \& Requirement}
importance to those that use rely on it would be a great benefit to Capgemini’s
developers and the developer community as a whole. If these guidelines could
be distilled into the kind of language that has become commonplace for
explaining other areas of front end development, it would help to dispel
explaining other areas of front-end development, it would help to dispel
myths of complexity and allow projects to implement WCAG in a meaningful way.
This would save on project costs by removing pitfalls of “adding it later”; but
importantly, it would help to keep the web a diverse and inclusive place."}
Expand All @@ -126,7 +125,7 @@ \section{Project Goals}
the project deliverables will be relevant, useful and fill the described
business need. The deliverables are:
\begin{enumerate}
\item A tool for software engineers which will bootstrap itself into a web
\item A tool for software engineers which will bootstrap itself into the web
browser, assess and report possible accessibility issues
\item A suite of documentation which will collate and demonstrate best
practices. It will show what 'assistive tools' output based upon different
Expand All @@ -141,7 +140,7 @@ \section{Project Stakeholders}
\item My two supervisors — Academic and Company, these are the people whom
the deliverables will be presented too.
\item Software Engineers at Capgemini — To improve the experience for the
users web developers \& designers are those who need to produce a better
user's web developers \& designers are those who need to produce a better
product.
\item Software Engineers within the wider community - Similar to above
\item Users of assistive technologies. This whole project would be
Expand All @@ -165,7 +164,7 @@ \section{Methodology}
the project. 'Medium' \citep{Medium} a blogging platform will instead be
used to
capture key events and entries. At the end of the project this will be
supplemented with notes from meetings between myself and my acadamic
supplemented with notes from meetings between myself and my academic
supervisor.
%TODO - Check with HARRY if the below statement is correct. This is
%TODO currently an assumption and may be totally incorrect.
Expand All @@ -177,7 +176,7 @@ \section{Methodology}
feedback' from stakeholders and produce a higher quality product
\item Open Source Everything - Capgemini consumes and
produces a lot of open source software! With myself sitting within a team
that are leading this drive, all code produced will be available under a MIT
that are leading this drive, all code produced will be available under an MIT
Licence \citep{MITLicence} on Github.
\item Share Everything - The JVM team has its own 'ethos'
\citep{JVMHowWeWork} that sits on top
Expand All @@ -190,15 +189,14 @@ \section{Methodology}
things
tackled on
each deliverable. This will allow its process to be tested and validated
for every change made thereafter; reducing risk of failure later in the
for every change made thereafter; reducing the risk of failure later in the
project. Travis CI \citep{TravisCi} and Github Pages \citep{Ghpages} will
enable
this.
\end{itemize}
\subsection{Making Better Decisions}
\label{sec:manifesto}
% TODO * reference Agile Manifesto
Coming from a background in Agile projects, the ``Agile Manifesto" \citep{AgileManifesto} has
enabled
me to make and justify difficult decisions under pressure. For example deciding
Expand Down Expand Up @@ -226,30 +224,30 @@ \subsection{A Process}
This project is no exception and will follow the Unified Process. This gives
a structure to different phases throughout the lifecycle of
the project Inception, Elaboration, Construction and Transition. It enables
the project Inception, Elaboration, Construction, and Transition. It enables
iterations to occur within each of these phases but focuses the iteration
towards the goal of the phase you are currently in.
\subsubsection{Why the Unified Process?}
Agile is a poor fit for me as a distant learner with a
full time job. Each iteration requires a small amount of every aspect of the
full-time job. Each iteration requires a small amount of every aspect of the
development lifecycle (analysis, design, implementation and test). This would
make it difficult to understand and report progress to myself and the
stakeholders. Given the projects deliverables are well known from
the outset Agile would only add unneccesary ceremonies.
stakeholders. Given the deliverables are well known from
the outset Agile would only add unnecessary ceremonies.
Using the manifesto above, the sprial model would satisfy ``Start simple with
many organic iterations", due to each turn of the spiral gaining user feedback
and then using that feedback to direct new requirements. It's flexible enough
and well structured for this project. What steered the project towards Unified
Process over Spiral was the amount of risk
collection and analysis required. Due to being an individual project, most
risks fall into the low probability, low impact category, and with one quater of
each spiral dedicated to risk analysis .
risks fall into the low probability, low impact category, and with one quarter of
each spiral dedicated to risk analysis.
\subsection{High Level Planning}
At a high level I was aiming for the following to be acheived:
\subsection{High-Level Planning}
At a high level I was aiming for the following to be achieved:
\begin{enumerate}
\item {Inception - February}
\begin{itemize}
Expand Down Expand Up @@ -286,7 +284,7 @@ \subsection{High Level Planning}
\end {enumerate}
\section{A Major Issue}
Due to unforseen circumstances \textasciitilde6 weeks of time was lost;
Due to unforeseen circumstances \textasciitilde6 weeks of time was lost;
Mid-March through to the start of May. This covered the Elaboration, and
Construction phase of the project. So it was clear a change in process would be
necessary.
Expand All @@ -295,7 +293,7 @@ \subsection{Change of process}
I chose to change from the 'Unified Process' towards a more
prototypical/iterative process; 'Evolutionary Prototyping'. This is a form of
the prototyping model which often suits tight time scales and fast development
lifecycles \citep{EvoProto}. The 'Evoloutionary' aspect means rather than the
lifecycles \citep{EvoProto}. The 'Evolutionary' aspect means rather than the
prototype being thrown away and rebuilt at the end, it will instead be
iteratively enhanced until a final product is produced. Fig.~\ref{fig:proto}
from \citep{EvoProto2} displays the process.
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