sumdb: client and server protocol for checksum database

Copied from golang.org/x/exp/sumdb/internal/sumweb
with types cleaned up:

	Conn -> Client
	Client -> ClientOps
	Handler -> Server
	Server -> ServerOps

For golang/go#31761.

Change-Id: If0e004e6c9cab69c82de428810d67aba074aa843
Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/c/mod/+/176466
Run-TryBot: Russ Cox <rsc@golang.org>
TryBot-Result: Gobot Gobot <gobot@golang.org>
Reviewed-by: Hyang-Ah Hana Kim <hyangah@gmail.com>

sumdb/cache.go

@@ -0,0 +1,59 @@
+// Copyright 2018 The Go Authors. All rights reserved.
+// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style
+// license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
+
+// Parallel cache.
+// This file is copied from cmd/go/internal/par.
+
+package sumdb
+
+import (
+	"sync"
+	"sync/atomic"
+)
+
+// parCache runs an action once per key and caches the result.
+type parCache struct {
+	m sync.Map
+}
+
+type cacheEntry struct {
+	done   uint32
+	mu     sync.Mutex
+	result interface{}
+}
+
+// Do calls the function f if and only if Do is being called for the first time with this key.
+// No call to Do with a given key returns until the one call to f returns.
+// Do returns the value returned by the one call to f.
+func (c *parCache) Do(key interface{}, f func() interface{}) interface{} {
+	entryIface, ok := c.m.Load(key)
+	if !ok {
+		entryIface, _ = c.m.LoadOrStore(key, new(cacheEntry))
+	}
+	e := entryIface.(*cacheEntry)
+	if atomic.LoadUint32(&e.done) == 0 {
+		e.mu.Lock()
+		if atomic.LoadUint32(&e.done) == 0 {
+			e.result = f()
+			atomic.StoreUint32(&e.done, 1)
+		}
+		e.mu.Unlock()
+	}
+	return e.result
+}
+
+// Get returns the cached result associated with key.
+// It returns nil if there is no such result.
+// If the result for key is being computed, Get does not wait for the computation to finish.
+func (c *parCache) Get(key interface{}) interface{} {
+	entryIface, ok := c.m.Load(key)
+	if !ok {
+		return nil
+	}
+	e := entryIface.(*cacheEntry)
+	if atomic.LoadUint32(&e.done) == 0 {
+		return nil
+	}
+	return e.result
+}