[common] Update ASan to be compatible with Clang 18

[dimakuv]

Description of the changes

Newer Clang versions added more ASan callbacks, in particular __asan_register_elf_globals() and __asan_unregister_elf_globals(). Our code replicates exactly what the Clang/LLVM code does for these two callbacks.

See:

• https://github.com/llvm/llvm-project/blob/8f63d154ec996cba590a83a4542dd545c78af85c/compiler-rt/lib/asan/asan_globals.cpp#L346-L364

Why these callbacks were added exactly, I am not sure. All I understand is that in some mode, on ELF-based platforms, these callbacks are called instead of a more generic __asan_register_globals(). See these links, maybe someone will get a better understanding of this change:

• llvm/llvm-project@4094d9a
• __asan_register_elf_globals: properly check the "no instrumented global variable" case llvm/llvm-project#96529
• __asan_globals_registered is not comdat when building a staticlib with LTO rust-lang/rust#113404

How to test this PR?

CI is enough for older ASan versions. To test newer ASan versions, run on Ubuntu 24.04 (and default Clang version there, which is v18).

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This change is 

[dimakuv]

Reviewable status: 0 of 2 files reviewed, 1 unresolved discussion, not enough approvals from maintainers (2 more required), not enough approvals from different teams (1 more required, approved so far: Intel)

a discussion (no related file):
Must be rebased on top of #1929. Blocking.

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[mkow]

Reviewed 1 of 2 files at r1, 1 of 1 files at r2, all commit messages.
Reviewable status: all files reviewed, 1 unresolved discussion, not enough approvals from maintainers (1 more required)

[kailun-qin]

Reviewed 1 of 2 files at r1, 1 of 1 files at r2, all commit messages.
Reviewable status: all files reviewed, 1 unresolved discussion

The base branch was changed.

[dimakuv]

Reviewable status: all files reviewed, all discussions resolved, not enough approvals from maintainers (1 more required), not enough approvals from different teams (1 more required, approved so far: Intel)

a discussion (no related file):

Previously, dimakuv (Dmitrii Kuvaiskii) wrote…

Must be rebased on top of #1929. Blocking.

Done

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[kailun-qin]

Reviewed 1 of 2 files at r1, 1 of 1 files at r2, all commit messages.
Reviewable status: all files reviewed, all discussions resolved, not enough approvals from different teams (1 more required, approved so far: Intel)

[mkow]

Reviewable status: complete! all files reviewed, all discussions resolved