KAIST CS420: Compiler Design

Logistics

• Instructor: Jeehoon Kang
• Time: Tue & Thu 1:00pm-2:15pm
• Place
  • Rm. 1101, Bldg. E3-1. YOUR PHYSICAL ATTENDANCE IS REQUIRED unless announced otherwise.
  • Zoom room (if remote participation is absolutely necessary). The passcode is announced at KLMS.
  • Youtube channel. Turn on English subtitle at YouTube, if necessary.
• Websites: https://github.com/kaist-cp/cs420, https://gg.kaist.ac.kr/course/15/
• Announcements: in issue tracker
  • We assume you read each announcement within 24 hours.
  • We strongly recommend you to watch the repository.
• TA: Jungin Rhee, Haechan An
  • Office Hour: Fri 9:10am-10:10am, Room 4432, E3-1. It is not required, but if you want to come, do so by 9:15am. See below for office hour policy.

Course description

Context

Compilers bridge the gap between human and machine. Human wants to easily express complex idea. On the other hand, machine understands only a few words (instructions) to be efficiently implemented in silicon. Compilers transform programs from a form suitable for human to easily express complex idea, to a form suitable for machine to efficiently execute. Since the gap between human and machine is fundamentally wide, compilers have been constructed and widely used since the beginning of the history of computing. Even, the first practical compiler predates the first practical operating systems (according to Wikipedia)!

In response to industry shifts, new compilers should be written and written again. First, human wants to express more and more complex idea, especially in the era of artificial intelligence and big data. Second, machine changes in response to physics (e.g. the ending of Dennard scaling and Moore's law) and industrial needs (e.g. Internet of Things and distributed systems). New compilers should be constructed to close the new gap between changing human and changing machine. For this reason, industrial needs for (and salary of) compiler engineers have been constantly high.

Goal

In this class, we will learn how to construct a compiler by actually building one. You are going to benefit from the provided skeleton code of a clean slate educational compiler--dubbed KECC: KAIST Educational C Compiler (think: KENS for networking or Pintos, xv6 for operating systems). We are going to discuss parsing only briefly, because the topic is assumed to be dealt with in CS322: Formal Languages and Automata. (You don't need to know parsing to take this course, though.) We will focus on translation from human-friendly form to machine-friendly form, and compiler optimizations. Specifically, we will discuss (1) how to transform a C program to an SSA-based intermediate representation (IR); (2) how to perform register promotion, static single assignment, global value numbering, and register allocation optimizations on the IR; and (3) how to transform an IR program to a RISC-V assembly program. KECC will provide a significant amount of skeleton code so that you can focus on the topic of this course.

We will also briefly discuss the recent trends of compiler construction. I see two crucial recent trends: scripting languages and parallelism. (1) Scripting languages like JavaScript and Python, unlike C, should be compiled (or interpreted) at run-time, and therefore, there is no clear distinction of compile- and run-time. It is a challenge in that compile time should also be optimized, but it is also an opportunity in that compile may gather and benefit from run-time information. (2) It is crucial to exploit the massive parallelism of modern applications like deep learning and high-performance computing (HPC), because they require so huge computation. Due to the complexity of workloads, their parallelism should be automatically discovered and exploited by compilers, which is a big challenge.

We will also briefly study the theory of compiler. We will focus on the correctness of compiler. In general, in what sense a compiler is correct, and how to prove it? Specifically, how to prove the correctness of KECC's transformations and optimizations? As it will turn out, this compiler correctness theory will greatly help you efficiently build your own compiler.

Textbook

• Slides. If you have any suggestions to improve the slide, please leave comments in the slide.

• KECC: KAIST Educational C Compiler

  • Documentation: https://cp.kaist.ac.kr/kecc-public/kecc/

• The LLVM Compiler Infrastructure

Prerequisites

• It is strongly recommended that students already took courses on:

  • Mathematics (MAS101): proposition statement and proof
  • Data structures (CS206): linked list, stack, queue
  • Systems programming (CS230) or Computer Organization (CS311): memory layout, stack and heap, assembly language
  • Programming languages (CS320): lambda calculus, interpreter

  Without a proper understanding of these topics, you will likely struggle in this course.

• Other recommendations which would help you in this course:

  • Basic understanding of computer architecture (CS311)
  • Programming experience in Rust (see also CS220)

Tools

Make sure you're capable of using the following development tools:

• Git: for downloading KECC and version-controlling your development. If you're not familiar with Git, walk through this tutorial.

  • IMPORTANT: you should not expose your work to others. In particular, you should not fork the upstream and push there. Please the following steps:

    • Directly clone the upstream without forking it.

      $ git clone --origin upstream git@github.com:kaist-cp/kecc-public.git
      $ cd kecc-public
      $ git remote -v
      upstream	git@github.com:kaist-cp/kecc-public.git (fetch)
      upstream	git@github.com:kaist-cp/kecc-public.git (push)

    • To get updates from the upstream, fetch and merge upstream/main.

      $ git fetch upstream
      $ git merge upstream/main

  • If you want to manage your development in a Git server, please create your own private repository.

    • You may upgrade your GitHub account to "PRO", which is free of charge.
      Refer to the documentation.

    • Set up your repository as a remote.

      $ git remote add origin git@github.com:<github-id>/kecc-public.git
      $ git remote -v
      origin	 git@github.com:<github-id>/kecc-public.git (fetch)
      origin	 git@github.com:<github-id>/kecc-public.git (push)
      upstream git@github.com:kaist-cp/kecc-public.git (fetch)
      upstream git@github.com:kaist-cp/kecc-public.git (push)

    • Push to your repository.

      $ git push -u origin main

• Rust: as the language of homework implementation. We chose Rust because its ownership type system greatly simplifies the development of large-scale system software.

  We recommend you to read this page that describes how to study Rust.

• Visual Studio Code (optional): for developing your homework. If you prefer other editors, you're good to go.

• You can connect to server by ssh s<student-id>@rack.fearless.systems -p13001, e.g., ssh s20071163@rack.fearless.systems -p13001.

  • IMPORTANT: Don't try to hack. Don't try to freeze the server. Please be nice.

  • Your initial password will be announced at https://gg.kaist.ac.kr.

  • I require you to register public SSH keys to the server. (In September, we'll expire your password so that you can log in only via SSH keys.) See this tutorial for more information on SSH public key authentication. Use ed25519.

  • In your client, you may want to set your ~/.ssh/config as follows for easier SSH access:

    Host cs420
      Hostname rack.fearless.systems
      Port 13001
      User s20071163
    

    Then you can connect to the server by ssh cs420.

  • Now you can use it as a VSCode remote server as in the video.

  • Install rustup in the server to begin working on Rust!

    curl --proto '=https' --tlsv1.2 -sSf https://sh.rustup.rs | sh

  • Install necessary dependencies for KECC

    sudo apt update
    sudo apt install \
      git man-db locales \
      vim neovim emacs \
      zsh bash-completion tmux \
      build-essential gcc clang make cmake python3 csmith libcsmith-dev creduce \
      gcc-riscv64-linux-gnu g++-riscv64-linux-gnu qemu-user-static \
      graphviz curl \
      zip python3-pip
    
    pip install tqdm

  • NOTE: We recommend the rust-analyzer plugin instead of rls.

  • NOTE: If permission denied error occurs when trying to install CodeLLDB Extension into the remote server, please follow the steps:

    1. Download this file at the remote server.
    2. Follow the instructions to install it.

  • NOTE: If you cannot connect to the remote server via VSCode with fail to create hard link error message, please follow the steps:

    1. Close VSCode window and try to connect to the remote server via terminal(or cmd). If you encounter Connection timed out error message, try again after a few minutes.
    2. Delete all the files in ~/.vscode-server/bin/.

Grading & honor code

Cheating

IMPORTANT: PAY CLOSE ATTENTION. VERY SERIOUS.

• Please sign the KAIST CS Honor Code for this semester. Otherwise, you may be expelled from the course.

• We will use sophisticated tools for detecting code plagiarism​.

  • Google "code plagiarism detector" for images and see how these tools can detect "sophisticated" plagiarisms. You really cannot escape my catch. Just don't try plagiarism in any form.

Homework (60%)

You will implement translations and optimizations on KECC. All homework submissions will be automatically graded online so that you can immediately see your score. If your compiler is correct and the generated assemblies perform comparably to those generated by gcc -O1, you're going to get A+ (if not A#) even if you miss the final exam.

Since compiler construction requires nontrivial undertaking, you're encouraged to ask questions on the homework in the issue tracker at the early stage of the semester.

Exams (40%)

• Midterm: 20%, 18th of April (Tue), 13:00-15:45
• Final: 20%, 13th of June (Tue), 13:00-15:45

The exams will evaluate your understanding of compiler theory.

Your physical apperance is required. If online participation is absolutely necessary, we'll use Zoom.

Attendance (?%)

• You should solve a quiz at the Course Management website for each session. You should answer to the quiz by the end of the day.

• If you miss a significant number of sessions, you'll automatically get an F.

Communication

Registration

• Make sure you can log in the lab submission website.

  • Reset your password here: https://gg.kaist.ac.kr/accounts/password_reset/ The email address is your @kaist.ac.kr address.

  • The id is your student id (e.g., 20071163).

  • Log in with your student id and the new password. If you cannot, please contact the head TA in the chat.

Rules

• Course-related announcements and information will be posted on the website as well as on the GitHub issue tracker. You are expected to read all announcements within 24 hours of their being posted. It is highly recommended to watch the repository so that new announcements will automatically be delivered to you email address.

• Ask questions on course materials and assignments in this repository's issue tracker.

  • Don't send emails to the instructor or TAs for course materials and assignments.

  • Before asking a question, search it in Google and Stack Overflow.

  • Describe your question as detailed as possible. It should include following things:

    • Environment (OS, gcc, g++ version, and any other related program information).
    • Command(s) that you used and the result. Any logs should be formatted in code. Refer to this.
    • Any directory or file changes you've made. If it is solution file, just describe which part of the code is modified.
    • Googling result. Search before asking, and share the keyword used for searching and what you've learned from it.

  • Give a proper title to your issue.

  • Read this for more instructions.

  • I'm requiring you to ask questions online first for two reasons. First, clearly writing a question is the first step to reach an answer. Second, you can benefit from questions and answers of other students.

• Ask your questions via email only if they are either confidential or personal. Any questions failing to do so (e.g. email questions on course materials) will not be answered.

• We are NOT going to discuss new questions during the office hour. Before coming to the office hour, please check if there is a similar question on the issue tracker. If there isn't, file a new issue and start discussion there. The agenda of the office hour will be the issues that are not resolved yet.

• Emails to the instructor or the head TA should begin with "CS420:" in the subject line, followed by a brief description of the purpose of your email. The content should at least contain your name and student number. Any emails failing to do so (e.g. emails without student number) will not be answered.

• If you join the session remotely from Zoom (https://kaist.zoom.us/my/jeehoon.kang), your Zoom name should be <your student number> <your name> (e.g., 20071163 강지훈). Change your name by referring to this.

• This course is conducted in English. But you may ask questions in Korean. Then I will translate it to English.