feat: more validation of fragments

[wjones127]

As discussed in #2186

[codecov-commenter]

Codecov Report

Attention: Patch coverage is 57.14286% with 15 lines in your changes are missing coverage. Please review.

Project coverage is 81.18%. Comparing base (0ef8743) to head (7ea2f0b).

Files	Patch %	Lines
rust/lance/src/dataset/fragment.rs	57.14%	15 Missing ⚠️

Additional details and impacted files

@@            Coverage Diff             @@
##             main    #2203      +/-   ##
==========================================
- Coverage   81.21%   81.18%   -0.03%     
==========================================
  Files         184      184              
  Lines       52208    52238      +30     
  Branches    52208    52238      +30     
==========================================
+ Hits        42401    42411      +10     
- Misses       7366     7388      +22     
+ Partials     2441     2439       -2     

Flag	Coverage Δ
unittests	81.18% <57.14%> (-0.03%)	⬇️

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