Update supply_demand.rst

doc/supply_demand.rst

@@ -213,15 +213,43 @@ The following figure shows the unclustered European gas transmission network bas
 .. image:: ../graphics/gas_pipeline_figure.png
 
 
+Biomass
+============
+
+Biomass supply
+---------------
+Biomass supply potentials for each European country are taken from the `JRC ENSPRESO database <http://data.europa.eu/89h/74ed5a04-7d74-4807-9eab-b94774309d9f>`_ where data is available for various years (2010, 2020, 2030, 2040 and 2050) and scenarios (low, medium, high). No biomass import from outside Europe is assumed. More information on the data set can be found `here <https://publications.jrc.ec.europa.eu/repository/handle/JRC98626>`_.
+
 Solid biomass demand
 =====================
 
-Solid biomass provides process heat up to 500 Celsius in industry, as well as feeding CHP plants in district heating networks.
 
-Solid biomass supply
-=====================
+The desired scenario can be selected in the pypsa-eur-sec `configuration <https://github.com/PyPSA/pypsa-eur-sec/blob/3daff49c9999ba7ca7534df4e587e1d516044fc3/config.default.yaml#L108>`_. The script for building the biomass potentials from the JREC ENSPRESO data base is located `here <https://github.com/PyPSA/pypsa-eur-sec/blob/3daff49c9999ba7ca7534df4e587e1d516044fc3/scripts/build_biomass_potentials.py#L43>`_. Consult the script to see the keywords that specify the scenario options.
+
+The `configuration <https://github.com/PyPSA/pypsa-eur-sec/blob/3daff49c9999ba7ca7534df4e587e1d516044fc3/config.default.yaml#L108>`_ also allows the user to define how the various types of biomass are used in the model by using the categories : biogas, solid biomass, and not included.
+Feedstocks categorized as biogas, typically manure and sludge waste, are available to the model as biogas (that is upgraded to biomethane). More details below.
+
+Feedstocks categorized as solid biomass, e.g. secondary forest residues or municipal waste can be used directly or converted to gas or liquid fuels. More details below.
+
+Feedstocks labeled as not included are ignored by the model.
+A `typical use case for biomass <https://arxiv.org/abs/2109.09563>`_ would be the medium availability scenario for 2030 where only residues from agriculture and forestry as well as biodegradable municipal waste are considered as energy feedstocks. Fuel crops are avoided because they compete with scarce land for food production, while primary wood, as well as wood chips and pellets, are avoided because of concerns about sustainability . See the supporting materials of the `paper <https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1364032117302034>`_ for more details.
+
+Solid biomass conversion and use
+----------------------------------
+Solid biomass can be used directly to provide process heat up to 500 C in the industry. It can also be burnt in CHP plants and boilers associated with heating systems. These technologies are described elsewhere [link to heat and industry sections].
+
+Solid biomass can be converted to syngas if the option is enabled in the `config file <https://github.com/PyPSA/pypsa-eur-sec/blob/3daff49c9999ba7ca7534df4e587e1d516044fc3/config.default.yaml#L274>`_. In this case the model will enable the technology BioSNG both with and without the option for carbon capture [link to technology data].
+Liquefaction of solid biomass `can be enabled <https://github.com/PyPSA/pypsa-eur-sec/blob/3daff49c9999ba7ca7534df4e587e1d516044fc3/config.default.yaml#L273>`_ allowing the model to convert it into liquid hydrocarbons that can replace conventional oil products. This technology also comes with and without carbon capture [link to technology data].
+
+Transport of solid biomass
+---------------------------
+The transport of solid biomass can either be assumed unlimited between countries or it can be associated with a country specific cost per MWh/km. In the config file these options are toggled `here <https://github.com/PyPSA/pypsa-eur-sec/blob/3daff49c9999ba7ca7534df4e587e1d516044fc3/config.default.yaml#L270>`_. If the option is off, use of solid biomass is transport. If it is turned on, a biomass transport network will be `created <https://github.com/PyPSA/pypsa-eur-sec/blob/3daff49c9999ba7ca7534df4e587e1d516044fc3/scripts/prepare_sector_network.py#L1803>`_ between all nodes. This network resembles road transport of biomass and the cost of transportation is a variable cost which is proportional to distance and a country specific cost per MWh/km. The latter is `estimated <https://github.com/PyPSA/pypsa-eur-sec/blob/3daff49c9999ba7ca7534df4e587e1d516044fc3/scripts/build_biomass_transport_costs.py>`_ from the country specific costs per ton/km used in the publication `“The JRC-EU-TIMES model. Bioenergy potentials for EU and neighbouring countries” <https://publications.jrc.ec.europa.eu/repository/handle/JRC98626>`_.
+
+Biogas transport and use
+------------------------
+Biogas will be aggregated into a common European resources if a gas network is not modeled explicitly, i.e., the `gas_network <https://github.com/PyPSA/pypsa-eur-sec/blob/3daff49c9999ba7ca7534df4e587e1d516044fc3/config.default.yaml#L261>`_ option is set to false. If, on the other hand, a gas network is included, the biogas potential will be associated with each node of origin.
+The model can only use biogas by first upgrading it to natural gas quality [link to tech description] (bio methane) which is fed into the general gas network.
 
-Only wastes and residues from the JRC ENSPRESO biomass dataset.
 
 
 Oil-based products demand
@@ -267,6 +295,25 @@ Solid biomass is used for up to 500 Celsius, mostly in paper and pulp and food a
 
 Higher temperatures are met with methane.
 
+Transportation
+=========================
+Annual energy demands for land transport, aviation and shipping for every country are retrieved from `JRC-IDEES data set <http://data.europa.eu/89h/jrc-10110-10001>`_. Below, the details of how each of these categories are treated is explained.
+
+Land transport
+-----------------
+
+Aviation
+-----------------
+The `demand for aviation <https://github.com/PyPSA/pypsa-eur-sec/blob/3daff49c9999ba7ca7534df4e587e1d516044fc3/scripts/prepare_sector_network.py#L2193>`_ includes international and domestic use. It is modeled as an oil demand since aviation consumes kerosene. This can be produced synthetically or have fossil-origin [link to oil product].
+
+Shipping
+-----------------
+Shipping energy demand is covered by a combination of oil and hydrogen. The amount of oil products that are converted into hydrogen follow an `exogenously defined path <https://github.com/PyPSA/pypsa-eur-sec/blob/3daff49c9999ba7ca7534df4e587e1d516044fc3/config.default.yaml#L198>`_. To estimate the `hydrogen demand <https://github.com/PyPSA/pypsa-eur-sec/blob/3daff49c9999ba7ca7534df4e587e1d516044fc3/scripts/prepare_sector_network.py#L2089>`_, the average fuel efficiency of the fleet is used in combination with the efficiency of the fuel cell defined in the technology data. The average fuel efficiency is set in the `config file <https://github.com/PyPSA/pypsa-eur-sec/blob/3daff49c9999ba7ca7534df4e587e1d516044fc3/config.default.yaml#L196>`_.
+
+The consumed hydrogen comes from the general hydrogen bus where it can be produced by SMR, SMR+CC or electrolysers [link to hydrogen]. The fraction that is not converted into hydrogen use oil products, i.e. is connected to the general oil bus.
+
+The user can toggle if the energy demand for liquefaction of the hydrogen used for shipping should be `included or not  <https://github.com/PyPSA/pypsa-eur-sec/blob/3daff49c9999ba7ca7534df4e587e1d516044fc3/config.default.yaml#L197>`_. If this option is selected, liquifaction will happen at the `node where the shipping demand occurs <https://github.com/PyPSA/pypsa-eur-sec/blob/3daff49c9999ba7ca7534df4e587e1d516044fc3/scripts/prepare_sector_network.py#L2064>`_.
+
 
 Carbon dioxide capture, usage and sequestration (CCU/S)
 =========================================================