This work-in-process documentation is based on reverse engineering and does not come from any official source. You've been warned.
Except where noted, this work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
-- Mauro A. Meloni maumeloni@gmail.com
QBasic source code lines can have up to 254 characters. If you need to write a
longer sencence, you can split lines using underscores as continuators _
(similar to \ in Python).
There are also limits on line count and total size of .bas files.
Many QBasic programs are linked with Microsoft Overlay Linker (LINK.EXE) 1,
and usually with the /EXEPACK argument, which applies a kind of RLE compression 2
on code and data of the executable. There are several unpackers available, both
in source code and in executable format 3456.
It seems that constants are not preceded by codes nor ended by terminators.
DATATYPE REPRESENTATION EXAMPLE VALUE
integer (immed operand) mov ah, 0x10 16
long (immed operand) mov ax, 0x78 120
single 0x00112233 0x1f854541 12.345&
double 0x0011223344556677 0x713d0ad7a3b02840 12.345#
string 0x00 0x00 0x0000 0xaa 0xbb 0xcc
| | | +----------- start of string value
| | +----------------- offset in memory
| +----------------------- unknown (seems to be 0x00)
+---------------------------- string length
Equality conditions are usually checked by JNZ IFTRUE. ??
Inequality conditions are usually checked by JZ IFTRUE. ??
Conditionals chained by OR or AND are expressed by DEC'ing cx time after time.
After the last condition in the expression there can be one of the following:
AND CX, AX ; chain of ANDs
AND CX, CX
JNZ IFTRUE
OR CX, AX ; chain of ORs
AND CX, CX
JNZ IFTRUE
Complex conditions (such as ones with parenthesis) require using temporary local variables.
Sometimes, if some variable is used in multiple expressions, it is possible
that the compiler avoids memory access by refreshing the var with OR AX,AX and
then testing again. The same occurs when comparing against CONST 0, but the
comparison is omitted. In other words, conditionals that check for equality to
0 (integer) may be expressed as OR AX,AX. REMEMBER THAT.
SELECT CASE conditionals are similar to IF / ELSEIF blocks, but are easily
found because they usually test a local variable and end with a B$SERR call.
Aritmethic operations are usually performed with the usual operators ADD, SUB, IMUL, IDIV. An exception to this is multiplication by a power of two value
such as 2, 16, 256, etc. where the operation is replaced by succesive SAL/SHL
operations (log2(second_operand) times) over the original value.
Another exception is substraction of integers, as in some circumstances it is
done via adding the remainder from (0x100 - value). For example, to substract
2 from a var, ADD [var], 0x0fe does the trick. The difference between that and
adding 254 is indicated by the number of left zeroes present). See following:
ADD [var], 0x0fe ; is var = var - 2
ADD [var], 0x00fe ; is var = var + 254
ADD [var], 0xfff7 ; is var = var - 9
Sometimes the compiler tries to re-use currently assigned CPU registers (AX, BX, CX, etc) to avoid re-reading a variable from memory, or skips using a register due to the fact that it will be used in a following instruction. Usually this happens when a conditional follows an assigment that defines the tested variable.
To avoid this behavior (that means, to force reading a memory address with MOV), then it is useful to add a label before the instruction that used the register. In that way, the compiler cannot guarantee that the register is already set, and is forced to update it before the conditional or the relevant instruction.
Operations with SINGLE or DOUBLE variables are done via interrupts 0x35 to 0x3D,
which map to corresponding FP opcodes according to the [wine source code]7.
A complete list of FP calls can be found [online]8.
So, all those floating point interruptions can be replaced by their equivalent FPU x86 instructions as seen on 7.
FOR/NEXT loops are implemented as the following sequence:
MOV AX, <INITIALVALUE>
JMP COMPARISON
COMPARISON:
MOV <VARIABLE>, AX
CMP AX, <FINALVALUE>
JLE INNERLOOP
LOOPEND:
<INSTRUCTIONS>
INNERLOOP:
<INSTRUCTIONS>
MOV AX, <VARIABLE>
INC AX
This accounts for STEP 1 loops. Other loops may be different.
If the FOR/NEXT does not have instructions inside (ex: a FOR ...: NEXT all on
one line), then the MOV AX, <VARIABLE> prepending the increment is ommited.
SUB/FUNCTION procedures usually start with an B$ENRA or B$ENSA system call,
preceded by an mov cx, 0xXXXX which is meant to indicate the reserved space
for local variables.
Arguments are used via BP as base pointer plus an offset [bp+0x0a]. The
order of arguments is inverse to the offset, so for a binary function, the
first argument would be [bp+0x08] and the second argument [bp+0x06].
Local variables are used via BP as base pointer minus an offset [bp-0x0a] or
can be specified as absolute addresses as in the main routine.
Almost all arguments for calls that are "constants in source" are previously
stored into a variable (local or global) via LEA, pushed to stack, and then
freed via B$STDL. Return values for functions which return strings (at least)
are passed with a call to B$SCPF.
GOSUB calls are implemented as standard CALLs to line-number or label, with
a possible/corresponding RETURN as ret.
A call signature is a local reference that jumps to a far location of a
library function. Call signatures start with 0xCD or 0xC7 and are 3 to 5 bytes
in length. Function prototypes are detailed below.
Each row lists the signature prototype, the function mnemonic, the datatypes of
its arguments (PUSHed), the datatype of the result value (in REG_AX) and the
QBasic function that probably represents. Datatypes can be STRing, VARiant,
INTeger, LONG, SNG single, DBL double, and ARGN which indicates the number
of arguments pushed for functions that accept a variable number of arguments.
PROTOTYPE OFFSET MNEMONIC ARGUMENTS RETURN FUNCTION
C7 06 "e0X" 04 B$RUN str - RUN s$
CD 3F 00 B$ASSN ign str int ign str int - (DIM v AS STRING * 1) = "c"
CD 3F 01 0x320 B$BEEP - - BEEP
CD 3F 02 0x323 B$BLOD str var var - BLOAD
CD 3F 03 B$BSAV str var var - BSAVE
CD 3F 04 (unknown)
CD 3F 05 B$CDIR str - CHDIR s$
CD 3F 06 (unknown)
CD 3F 07 0x86 B$CHOU int - PRINT #i, s$ (precedes B$PESD)
CD 3F 08 B$CIRC var var var - CIRCLE
CD 3F 09 0x89 B$CLOS argn ... - CLOSE [i%], ...
CD 3F 0A 0x2b6 B$COLR argn ... - COLOR
CD 3F 0B 0x2b9 B$CSCN argn ... - SCREEN i%, ...
CD 3F 0C B$CSRL - - CSRLIN
CD 3F 0D (unknown)
CD 3F 0E B$CSTT var var -
CD 3F 0F 0x8c B$DDIM int int int var var - DIM array(min, max, elemsize, 0x101, destvar)
CD 3F 10 B$DRAW str - DRAW s$
CD 3F 11 B$DSEG int - DEF SEG i%
CD 3F 12 B$DSG0 - - DEF SEG
CD 3F 13 0x8f B$DSKI int - LINE INPUT #i (precedes B$LNIN)
CD 3F 14 (unknown)
CD 3F 15 (unknown)
CD 3F 16 (unknown)
CD 3F 17 (unknown)
CD 3F 18 B$EPE0 - - PEN ON
CD 3F 19 B$EPE1 - - PEN OFF
CD 3F 1A B$EPE2 - - PEN STOP
CD 3F 1B B$ERAS var - ERASE
CD 3F 1C B$ERDS - str ERDEV$
CD 3F 1D B$ERDV - int ERDEV
CD 3F 1E (unknown)
CD 3F 1F (unknown)
CD 3F 20 (unknown)
CD 3F 21 B$ETC0 int - COM(i%) ON
CD 3F 22 B$ETC1 int - COM(i%) OFF
CD 3F 23 B$ETC2 int - COM(i%) STOP
CD 3F 24 B$ETK0 int - KEY(i%) ON
CD 3F 25 B$ETK1 int - KEY(i%) OFF
CD 3F 26 B$ETK2 int - KEY(i%) STOP
CD 3F 27 B$ETL0 - - PLAY ON
CD 3F 28 B$ETL1 - - PLAY OFF
CD 3F 29 B$ETL2 - - PLAY STOP
CD 3F 2A B$ETS0 int - STRIG(i%) ON
CD 3F 2B B$ETS1 int - STRIG(i%) OFF
CD 3F 2C B$ETS2 int - STRIG(i%) STOP
CD 3F 2D B$ETT0 - - TIMER ON
CD 3F 2E B$ETT1 - - TIMER OFF
CD 3F 2F B$ETT2 - - TIMER STOP
CD 3F 30 0x380 B$FASC str int ASC(s$)
CD 3F 31 B$FATR int int int FILEATTR
CD 3F 32 0x9b B$FCHR int str CHR$(i%)
CD 3F 33 B$FCMD - str COMMAND$
CD 3F 34 B$FCVD str dbl
CD 3F 35 B$FCVI str int
CD 3F 36 B$FCVL str long
CD 3F 37 B$FCVS str sng
CD 3F 38 B$FDAT - str DATE$
CD 3F 39 B$FEOF int int EOF(i%)
CD 3F 3A (unknown)
CD 3F 3B B$FEVS str str ENVIRON$()
CD 3F 3C B$FHEX long str HEX$(i%)
CD 3F 3D B$FICT int str
CD 3F 3E 0x392 B$FIEL int str - FIELD #i, len AS var
CD 3F 3F B$FILS str - FILES
CD 3F 40 0xb3 B$FINP int var str INPUT$()
CD 3F 41 0xb6 B$FLDP int - FIELD #i, len AS var (precedes B$FIEL)
CD 3F 42 0xb9 B$FLEN str int LEN(s$)
CD 3F 43 B$FLOC int int
CD 3F 44 B$FLOF int long
CD 3F 45 B$FMDF dbl str MKDMBF$()
CD 3F 46 0xbf B$FMID str int int str MID$($s, i%, j%)
CD 3F 47 B$FMKD dbl str MKD$()
CD 3F 48 B$FMKI int str MKI$()
CD 3F 49 B$FMKL long str MKL$()
CD 3F 4A B$FMKS sng str MKS$()
CD 3F 4B B$FMSF sng str MKSMBF$()
CD 3F 4C B$FOCT long str OCT$(i%)
CD 3F 4D B$FPEN int int PEN()
CD 3F 4E (unknown)
CD 3F 4F B$FPOS int int POS()
CD 3F 50 B$FREF - int FREEFILE
CD 3F 51 B$FRI2 int int FRE()
CD 3F 52 (unknown)
CD 3F 53 B$FSCN int int int int SCREEN()
CD 3F 54 B$FSEK int long
CD 3F 55 (unknown)
CD 3F 56 B$FSPC int - SPC(i%)
CD 3F 57 B$FSTG int int STRIG(i%)
CD 3F 58 0xe6 B$FTAB int TAB()
CD 3F 59 B$FTIM - str TIME$
CD 3F 5A 0xec B$FVAL str - VAL(s$)
CD 3F 5B B$FWID int int - WIDTH #i, i%
CD 3F 5C B$GET1 int - GET #i
CD 3F 5D 0x3b0 B$GET2 int long - GET #i, l&
CD 3F 5E B$GET3 int ign var int - GET #i, , var
CD 3F 5F B$GET4 int long ign var int - GET #i, l&, var
CD 3F 60 0x2c5 B$GGET addr32 addr16 - GET (graphical)
CD 3F 61 0x2c8 B$GPUT addr32 addr16 mode - PUT (graphical)
CD 3F 62 0xf2 B$INKY - str INKEY$
CD 3F 63 B$INPP ign int - INPUT # TODO
CD 3F 64 0xf8 B$INS2 str str int INSTR(s$, s$)
CD 3F 65 B$INS3 int str str int INSTR(i%, $s, $s)
CD 3F 66 B$KFUN int - KEY ON|OFF|LIST
CD 3F 67 B$KILL str - KILL s$
CD 3F 68 0x101 B$KMAP int str - KEY i%, s$
CD 3F 69 B$LBND var int int LBOUND
CD 3F 6A 0x107 B$LCAS str str LCASE$()
CD 3F 6B B$LDFS addr str int str PRINT (DIM var$ * len)
CD 3F 6C 0x10d B$LEFT str int str LEFT$()
CD 3F 6D 0x2cb B$LINE var var var - LINE
# parameter 1 defines the color
# parameter 2 is unknown
# parameter 3 defines the shape: 0x0=LINE/, 0x1=RECT/B, 0x2=FILLED/BF
CD 3F 6E B$LNIN str var str var int - LINE INPUT
CD 3F 6F B$LOCK int long long int - LOCK/UNLOCK
CD 3F 70 0x113 B$LOCT argn - LOCATE
CD 3F 71 B$LPOS int int
CD 3F 72 B$LPRT - -
CD 3F 73 B$LSET str ign str var - LSET
CD 3F 74 B$LTRM str str LTRIM$(s$)
CD 3F 75 B$LWID int - WIDTH LPRINT
CD 3F 76 B$MCVD str dbl
CD 3F 77 B$MCVS str sng
CD 3F 78 B$MDIR str - MKDIR s$
CD 3F 79 (unknown)
CD 3F 7A 0x2ce B$N1I2 int int - set point 1 (i%, i%)
CD 3F 7B 0x2d1 B$N1R4 sng sng - set point 1 (f!, f!)
CD 3F 7C 0x2d4 B$N2I2 int int - set point 2 (i%, i%)
CD 3F 7D 0x2d7 B$N2R4 sng sng - set point 2 (f!, f!)
CD 3F 7E B$NAME str str - NAME s$ AS t$
CD 3F 7F B$ONCA int ign addr - ON COM(i%) GOSUB Offset
CD 3F 80 B$ONKA int ign addr - ON KEY(i%) GOSUB Offset
CD 3F 81 B$ONLA ign addr - ON PLAY(i%) GOSUB Offset
CD 3F 82 B$ONPA ign addr - ON PEN GOSUB Offset
CD 3F 83 B$ONSA int ign addr - ON STRIG(i%) GOSUB Offset
CD 3F 84 (unknown)
CD 3F 85 B$ONTA ign int ign addr - ON TIMER(i%) GOSUB Offset
CD 3F 86 0x12e B$OOPN str int str int - OPEN (2)
# parameter 1 is a one character str with the mode ("I", "O", "R", "A", "B")
# parameter 2 indicates the file number
# parameter 3 indicates the file name
# parameter 4 indicates the record length or 0xFFFF for unknown
CD 3F 87 B$OPEN str int int int - OPEN
# parameter 1 indicates the file name
# parameter 2 indicates the file number
# parameter 3 indicates the record length or 0xFFFF for unknown
# parameter 4 are flags:
# 0x0001=INPUT, 0x0002=OUTPUT, 0x0004=RANDOM, 0x0008=APPEND, 0x0020=BINARY,
# 0x0100=ACCESS_READ, 0x0200=ACCESS_WRITE, 0X0300=ACCESS_READ_WRITE,
# 0X4000=LOCK_SHARED, 0x3000=LOCK_READ, 0x2000=LOCK_WRITE, 0x1000=LOCK_READ_WRITE,
CD 3F 88 B$PAIN var var - PAINT
CD 3F 89 (unknown)
CD 3F 8A B$PAL2 int long - PALETTE
CD 3F 8B B$PALU var var var -
CD 3F 8C 0x134 B$PCI2 int - PRINT #i, BYTE/INTEGER, LIST ?
CD 3F 8D (unknown)
CD 3F 8E B$PCPY int int - PCOPY
CD 3F 8F (unknown)
CD 3F 90 (unknown)
CD 3F 91 0x140 B$PCSD str - PRINT s$,
CD 3F 92 (unknown)
CD 3F 93 0x143 B$PEI2 int - PRINT i%
CD 3F 94 B$PEI4 long - PRINT i&
CD 3F 95 0x149 B$PEOS - -
CD 3F 96 B$PER4 sng - PRINT f!
CD 3F 97 B$PER8 dbl - PRINT d#
CD 3F 98 0x152 B$PESD str - PRINT s$
CD 3F 99 (unknown)
CD 3F 9A (unknown)
CD 3F 9B B$PMAP var var var int PMAP()
CD 3F 9C B$PNI2 int int int POINT()
CD 3F 9D (unknown)
CD 3F 9E B$PNT1 int int POINT()
CD 3F 9F (unknown)
CD 3F A0 (unknown)
CD 3F A1 (unknown)
CD 3F A2 (unknown)
CD 3F A3 0x155 B$PSI2 int - PRINT i%;
CD 3F A4 B$PSI4 long - PRINT i&;
CD 3F A5 B$PSR4 sng - PRINT f!;
CD 3F A6 B$PSR8 dbl - PRINT d#;
CD 3F A7 0x161 B$PSSD str - PRINT s$;
CD 3F A8 B$PSTC int - PRESET()
CD 3F A9 B$PUT1 int - PUT #i
CD 3F AA B$PUT2 int long - PUT #i, l&
CD 3F AB B$PUT3 int ign var int - PUT #i, , var
CD 3F AC B$PUT4 int long ign var int - PUT #i, l&, var
CD 3F AD 0x164 B$RDI2 ign int - READ i%
CD 3F AE B$RDI4 lng - READ l&
CD 3F AF B$RDIM int int int var var - REDIM
CD 3F B0 B$RDIR str - RMDIR s$
CD 3F B1 B$RDR4 sng - READ f!
CD 3F B2 B$RDR8 dbl - READ d#
CD 3F B3 B$RSDS ign str var - READ s$
CD 3F B4 B$REST - - RESET
CD 3F B5 0x176 B$RGHT str int str RIGHT$()
CD 3F B6 (unknown)
CD 3F B7 0x3f8 B$RND0 - - RND
CD 3F B8 B$RND1 long - RND(l&)
CD 3F B9 (unknown)
CD 3F BA 0x401 B$RNZP dbl - RANDOMIZE
CD 3F BB B$RSET str ign str var - RSET
CD 3F BC B$RTRM str str RTRIM$(s$)
CD 3F BD B$S1I2 int int - set point 1 STEP(i%, i%)
CD 3F BE (unknown)
CD 3F BF B$S2I2 int int - set point 2 STEP(i%, i%)
CD 3F C0 (unknown)
CD 3F C1 B$SADD str int SADD()
CD 3F C2 0x185 B$SASS str var - s$ = (LET)
CD 3F C3 0x188 B$SCAT str str str s$ + s$ (CONCAT)
CD 3F C4 0x18b B$SCLS int - CLS # TODO
CD 3F C5 (unknown)
CD 3F C6 B$SDAT str - DATE$ = s$
CD 3F C7 B$SENV str - ENVIRON
CD 3F C8 0x407 B$SERR int - ERROR / END SELECT
CD 3F C9 (unknown)
CD 3F CA B$SICT int str -
CD 3F CB B$SMID str int int - MID$(s$, i%, j%) = s$
CD 3F CC 0x197 B$SOND int sng - SOUND i%, f!
CD 3F CD 0x19a B$SPAC int str SPACE$(i%)
CD 3F CE 0x19d B$SPLY str - PLAY s$
CD 3F CF B$SSEK int long -
CD 3F D0 0x413 B$SSHL str - SHELL s$
CD 3F D1 0x1a0 B$STDL str - free local/temporal string var memory
CD 3F D2 0x1a3 B$STI2 int str STR$(i%)
CD 3F D3 B$STI4 long str STR$(l&)
CD 3F D4 B$STIK int int STIK()
CD 3F D5 (unknown)
CD 3F D6 0x1a9 B$STR4 sng str STR$(f!)
CD 3F D7 B$STR8 dbl str STR$(d#)
CD 3F D8 B$STRI int int str STRING$(i%, i%)
CD 3F D9 B$STRS int str str STRING$(i%, s$)
CD 3F DA (unknown)
CD 3F DB (unknown)
CD 3F DC (unknown)
CD 3F DD (unknown)
CD 3F DE 0x1c1 B$TIMR - - TIMER
CD 3F DF B$UBND var int int UBOUND()
CD 3F E0 B$UCAS str str UCASE$()
CD 3F E1 B$USNG str - PRINT USING
CD 3F E2 B$VARP var var int
CD 3F E3 (unknown)
CD 3F E4 B$VIEW int * 7 - VIEW # TODO
CD 3F E5 B$VWPT int int - VIEW PRINT
CD 3F E6 (unknown)
CD 3F E7 0x1d3 B$WIDT int int - WIDTH
CD 3F E8 (unknown)
CD 3F E9 B$WIND long * 4 var - WINDOW # TODO
CD 3F EA 0x1d6? B$WRIT - - WRITE
CD 3F EB B$?EVT - - start of event trapping
CD 3F EC 0x10 B$CEND - - SYSTEM
CD 3F ED 0x13 B$CENP - - END (MAIN PROGRAM)
CD 3F EE (unknown)
CD 3F EF 0x1df B$ENFA - - DEF FNname
CD 3F F0 0x1e2 B$ENRA - - ENTER DYNAMIC SUB/FUNC
CD 3F F1 B$ENSA - - ENTER STATIC SUB/FUNC
CD 3F F2 B$EVCK - - end of event trapping
CD 3F F3 0x1eb B$EXFA - - END DEF
CD 3F F4 0x1ee B$EXSA - - EXIT SUB/FUNCTION
CD 3F F5 (unknown)
CD 3F F6 B$FERL - int ERL
CD 3F F7 B$FERR - int ERR
CD 3F F8 B$GOSA - - GOSUB [ax]
CD 3F F9 (unknown)
CD 3F FA (unknown)
CD 3F FB B$OEGA ign addr - ON ERROR GOTO [Offset]
CD 3F FC B$OGSA - - ON i% GOSUB offset1, offset2... (db)
CD 3F FD 0x209 B$OGTA - - ON i% GOTO offset1, offset2... (db)
CD 3F FE (unknown)
CD 3F FF (unknown)
CD 3F FF 01 (unknown)
CD 3F FF 02 (unknown)
CD 3F FF 03 B$RETA - - RETURN
CD 3F FF 04 B$RSTA - - RESTORE
CD 3F FF 05 B$RSTB addr - RESTORE [DataOffset]
CD 3F FF 06 (unknown)
CD 3F FF 07 B$SCHN str - CHAIN s$
CD 3F FF 08 B$SCLR var var - CLEAR
CD 3F FF 09 0x220 B$SCMP str str - IF s$ = s$ (COMPARE)
CD 3F FF 0A 0x224 B$SCPF var - RETURN STRING FROM FUNCTION
CD 3F FF 0B (unknown)
CD 3F FF 0C B$STOP - - STOP
CD 3F FF 0D B$SWSD - - SWAP s$, s$
CD 3F FF 0E (unknown)
CD 3F FF 0F (unknown)
CD 3F FF 10 (unknown)
CD 3F FF 11 (unknown)
CD 3F FF 12 (unknown)
CD 3F FF 13 (unknown)
CD 3F FF 14 (unknown)
CD 3F FF 15 B$ATN4 - - ATN(f!)
CD 3F FF 16 B$ATN8 - - ATN(d#)
CD 3F FF 17 B$COS4 - - COS(f!)
CD 3F FF 18 B$COS8 - - COS(d#)
CD 3F FF 19 B$EXP4 - - EXP(f!)
CD 3F FF 1A B$EXP8 - - EXP(d#)
CD 3F FF 1B 0x234 B$FCMP - - FLOATING POINT COMPARISON
CD 3F FF 1C 0x258 B$FIL2 - - convert int to sng and stack in FP
CD 3F FF 1D B$FILD - - convert long to sng and stack in FP
CD 3F FF 1E 0x260 B$FIS2 - int unstack FP and convert to int
CD 3F FF 1F B$FIST - long unstack FP and convert to long
CD 3F FF 20 B$FIX4 - - FIX(f!)
CD 3F FF 21 B$FIX8 - - FIX(d#)
CD 3F FF 22 (unknown)
CD 3F FF 23 0x274 B$INT4 - - INT(f!)
CD 3F FF 24 B$INT8 - - INT(d#)
CD 3F FF 25 B$LOG4 - - LOG(f!)
CD 3F FF 26 B$LOG8 - - LOG(d#)
CD 3F FF 27 B$POW4 - - POW(f!, f!)
CD 3F FF 28 B$POW8 - - POW(d#, d#)
CD 3F FF 29 B$SGN4 - - SGN(f!)
CD 3F FF 2A B$SGN8 - - SGN(d#)
CD 3F FF 2B B$SIN4 - - SIN(f!)
CD 3F FF 2C B$SIN8 - - SIN(d#)
CD 3F FF 2D B$TAN4 - - TAN(f!)
CD 3F FF 2E B$TAN8 - - TAN(d#)
CD 3F FF 2F (unknown)
OFFSET SIZE
...
0x????............6 CD 3F EC CD 3F ED base of call signatures
[call_signatures]
...
0x0220 2 base of constants in memory
(address where the first const will be stored)
0x0230 start of TEXT section (assembly)
[assembly_code] (C7 06 BC 18 in THIS case, but this is no constant)
...
0x???? 11 "C_FILE_INFO"
...
0x???? + 95 base of constants in image
(offset of file where the first const is stored)
[constants]
0x???? 7 52 42 8C C0 05 10 00
[Radare2]9 is a useful disassembler and general reverse engineering tool.
Some basic configuration directives are:
e asm.cmtright = true
e asm.pseudo = true
# e cmd.stack = true
# eco solarized
e scr.utf8 = true
# e anal.arch=x86.udis
# e anal.arch=x86
# define start_of_text_section
f start_of_text_section @ 0000:152b # it should be via search
# B801005050 B8020050
f end_of_text_section @ 0000:deaf
# define search space and options
e search.from = start_of_text_section
e search.to = end_of_text_section
e search.align = true
# e search.flags = 0
# go to start_of_text_section
s start_of_text_section
af
pd
VV
# function definition
af+ 0xd41:0x2b9 1 test_func
# live patching of a binary
e io.cache=true
# f--
# replace int fpu emulation instructions
# with real fpu instructions
# /a int 0x35
# /A int
e cmd.hit = wx 9bd8
# /c int 0x34
/x cd34
e cmd.hit = wx 9bd9
# /c int 0x35
/x cd35
e cmd.hit = wx 9bda
# /c int 0x36
/x cd36
e cmd.hit = wx 9bdb
# /c int 0x37
/x cd37
e cmd.hit = wx 9bdc
# /c int 0x38
/x cd38
e cmd.hit = wx 9bdd
# /c int 0x39
/x cd39
e cmd.hit = wx 9bde
# /c int 0x3a
/x cd39
e cmd.hit = wx 9bdf
# /c int 0x3b
/x cd3b
e cmd.hit = wx 9b90
# /c int 0x3d
/x cd3d
There is an [official cheatsheet]10 and other [tutorials]11.
Footnotes
-
https://github.com/scrippie/game-utils/blob/master/EXEPACK/unpack.py ↩
-
https://sourceforge.net/p/openkb/code/ci/master/tree/src/tools/unexepack.c ↩
-
https://github.com/alexhenrie/wine/blob/526b245237b9571beebac8a4653e7dd74c62c7de/dlls/krnl386.exe16/fpu.c ↩ ↩2
-
http://www.csee.umbc.edu/courses/undergraduate/313/fall04/burt_katz/lectures/Lect12/floatingpoint.html ↩
-
https://github.com/radare/radare2/blob/master/doc/intro.md ↩
-
https://blog.techorganic.com/2016/03/08/radare-2-in-0x1e-minutes/ ↩