refactor(core): Break up more code in the execution engine, and add tests (no-changelog)

[netroy]

Summary

Related Linear tickets, Github issues, and Community forum posts

Review / Merge checklist

• PR title and summary are descriptive. (conventions)
• Docs updated or follow-up ticket created.
• Tests included.
• PR Labeled with release/backport (if the PR is an urgent fix that needs to be backported)

[codecov]

Codecov Report

Attention: Patch coverage is 71.74888% with 63 lines in your changes missing coverage. Please review.

Files with missing lines	Patch %	Lines
...cution-context/utils/validateValueAgainstSchema.ts	51.56%	29 Missing and 2 partials ⚠️
...-execution-context/utils/getInputConnectionData.ts	62.96%	19 Missing and 1 partial ⚠️
...ore/src/node-execution-context/utils/ensureType.ts	80.00%	6 Missing and 1 partial ⚠️
.../node-execution-context/utils/getAdditionalKeys.ts	88.00%	3 Missing ⚠️
packages/core/src/NodeExecuteFunctions.ts	33.33%	2 Missing ⚠️

📢 Thoughts on this report? Let us know!

[cypress]

n8n    Run #8440

Run Properties:   Passed #8440  •  96581dfe9d: 🌳 🖥️ browsers:node18.12.0-chrome107 🤖 netroy 🗃️ e2e/*

Project	n8n
Branch Review	memoize-in-execution-contexts
Run status	Passed #8440
Run duration	04m 38s
Commit	96581dfe9d: 🌳 🖥️ browsers:node18.12.0-chrome107 🤖 netroy 🗃️ e2e/*
Committer	कारतोफ्फेलस्क्रिप्ट™
View all properties for this run ↗︎

---

Test results
Failures	0
Flaky	2
Pending	0
Skipped	0
Passing	480
View all changes introduced in this branch ↗︎

[github-actions]

✅ All Cypress E2E specs passed