src: return Maybe<> on pending exception when cpp exception disabled

doc/error_handling.md

@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@ error-handling for C++ exceptions and JavaScript exceptions.
 The following sections explain the approach for each case:
 
 - [Handling Errors With C++ Exceptions](#exceptions)
+- [Handling Errors With Maybe Type and C++ Exceptions Disabled](#noexceptions-maybe)
 - [Handling Errors Without C++ Exceptions](#noexceptions)
 
 <a name="exceptions"></a>
@@ -70,7 +71,7 @@ when returning to JavaScript.
 ### Propagating a Node-API C++ exception
 
 ```cpp
-Napi::Function jsFunctionThatThrows = someObj.As<Napi::Function>();
+Napi::Function jsFunctionThatThrows = someValue.As<Napi::Function>();
 Napi::Value result = jsFunctionThatThrows({ arg1, arg2 });
 // other C++ statements
 // ...
@@ -84,7 +85,7 @@ a JavaScript exception when returning to JavaScript.
 ### Handling a Node-API C++ exception
 
 ```cpp
-Napi::Function jsFunctionThatThrows = someObj.As<Napi::Function>();
+Napi::Function jsFunctionThatThrows = someValue.As<Napi::Function>();
 Napi::Value result;
 try {
     result = jsFunctionThatThrows({ arg1, arg2 });
@@ -96,6 +97,69 @@ try {
 Since the exception was caught here, it will not be propagated as a JavaScript
 exception.
 
+<a name="noexceptions-maybe"></a>
+
+## Handling Errors With Maybe Type and C++ Exceptions Disabled
+
+If C++ exceptions are disabled (for more info see: [Setup](setup.md)), then the
+`Napi::Error` class does not extend `std::exception`. This means that any calls to
+node-addon-api function do not throw a C++ exceptions. Instead, these node-api
+functions that calling into JavaScript are returning with `Maybe` boxed values.
+In that case, the calling side should convert the `Maybe` boxed values with
+checks to ensure that the call did succeed and therefore no exception is pending.
+If the check fails, that is to say, the returning value is _empty_, the calling
+side should determine what to do with `env.GetAndClearPendingException()` before
+attempting to calling into another node-api (for more info see: [Env](env.md)).
+
+The conversion from `Maybe` boxed values to actual return value is enforced by
+compilers so that the exceptions must be properly handled before continuing.
+
+## Examples with Maybe Type and C++ exceptions disabled
+
+### Throwing a JS exception
+
+```cpp
+Napi::Env env = ...
+Napi::Error::New(env, "Example exception").ThrowAsJavaScriptException();
+return;
+```
+
+After throwing a JavaScript exception, the code should generally return
+immediately from the native callback, after performing any necessary cleanup.
+
+### Propagating a Node-API JS exception
+
+```cpp
+Napi::Env env = ...
+Napi::Function jsFunctionThatThrows = someValue.As<Napi::Function>();
+Maybe<Napi::Value> maybeResult = jsFunctionThatThrows({ arg1, arg2 });
+Napi::Value result;
+if (!maybeResult.To(&result)) {
+    // The Maybe is empty, calling into js failed, cleaning up...
+    // It is recommended to return an empty Maybe if the procedure failed.
+    return result;
+}
+```
+
+If `maybeResult.To(&result)` returns false a JavaScript exception is pending.
+To let the exception propagate, the code should generally return immediately
+from the native callback, after performing any necessary cleanup.
+
+### Handling a Node-API JS exception
+
+```cpp
+Napi::Env env = ...
+Napi::Function jsFunctionThatThrows = someValue.As<Napi::Function>();
+Maybe<Napi::Value> maybeResult = jsFunctionThatThrows({ arg1, arg2 });
+if (maybeResult.IsNothing()) {
+    Napi::Error e = env.GetAndClearPendingException();
+    cerr << "Caught JavaScript exception: " + e.Message();
+}
+```
+
+Since the exception was cleared here, it will not be propagated as a JavaScript
+exception after the native callback returns.
+
 <a name="noexceptions"></a>
 
 ## Handling Errors Without C++ Exceptions
@@ -127,7 +191,7 @@ immediately from the native callback, after performing any necessary cleanup.
 
 ```cpp
 Napi::Env env = ...
-Napi::Function jsFunctionThatThrows = someObj.As<Napi::Function>();
+Napi::Function jsFunctionThatThrows = someValue.As<Napi::Function>();
 Napi::Value result = jsFunctionThatThrows({ arg1, arg2 });
 if (env.IsExceptionPending()) {
     Error e = env.GetAndClearPendingException();
@@ -143,7 +207,7 @@ the native callback, after performing any necessary cleanup.
 
 ```cpp
 Napi::Env env = ...
-Napi::Function jsFunctionThatThrows = someObj.As<Napi::Function>();
+Napi::Function jsFunctionThatThrows = someValue.As<Napi::Function>();
 Napi::Value result = jsFunctionThatThrows({ arg1, arg2 });
 if (env.IsExceptionPending()) {
     Napi::Error e = env.GetAndClearPendingException();

doc/maybe.md

@@ -0,0 +1,74 @@
+# Maybe (template)
+
+Class `Napi::Maybe<T>` represents an maybe empty value: every `Maybe` is either
+`Just` and contains a value, or `Nothing`, and does not. `Maybe` types are very
+common in node-addon-api code, as they represent the function may throw a
+JavaScript exception and cause the program unable to evaluation any JavaScript
+code until the exception is been handled.
+
+Typically, the value wrapped in `Napi::Maybe<T>` is [`Napi::Value`] and its
+subclasses.
+
+## Methods
+
+### IsNothing
+
+```cpp
+template <typename T>
+bool Napi::Maybe::IsNothing() const;
+```
+
+Returns if the `Maybe` is `Nothing` and does not contain a value.
+
+### IsJust
+
+```cpp
+template <typename T>
+bool Napi::Maybe::IsJust() const;
+```
+
+Returns if the `Maybe` is `Just` and contains a value.
+
+### Check
+
+```cpp
+template <typename T>
+void Napi::Maybe::Check() const;
+```
+
+Short-hand for `Maybe::Unwrap()`, which doesn't return a value. Could be used
+where the actual value of the Maybe is not needed like `Object::Set`.
+If this Maybe is nothing (empty), node-addon-api will crash the
+process.
+
+### Unwrap
+
+```cpp
+template <typename T>
+T Napi::Maybe::Unwrap() const;
+```
+
+Return the value of type `T` contained in the Maybe. If this Maybe is
+nothing (empty), node-addon-api will crash the process.
+
+### UnwrapOr
+
+```cpp
+template <typename T>
+T Napi::Maybe::UnwrapOr(const T& default_value) const;
+```
+
+Return the value of type T contained in the Maybe, or using a default
+value if this Maybe is nothing (empty).
+
+### UnwrapTo
+
+```cpp
+template <typename T>
+bool Napi::Maybe::UnwrapTo() const;
+```
+
+Converts this Maybe to a value of type `T` in the `out`. If this Maybe is
+nothing (empty), `false` is returned and `out is left untouched.
+
+[`Napi::Value`]: ./value.md

doc/setup.md

@@ -54,6 +54,15 @@ To use **Node-API** in a native module:
 ```gyp
   'defines': [ 'NAPI_DISABLE_CPP_EXCEPTIONS' ],
 ```
+
+  If you decide to use node-addon-api without C++ exceptions enabled, please
+  consider enabling node-addon-api safe API type guards to ensure proper
+  exception handling pattern:
+
+```gyp
+  'defines': [ 'NODE_ADDON_API_ENABLE_MAYBE' ],
+```
+
   4. If you would like your native addon to support OSX, please also add the
   following settings in the `binding.gyp` file: