util: fix .format() not always calling toString when it should be

This makes sure that `util.format('%s', object)` will always call
a user defined `toString` function. It was formerly not the case
when the object had the function declared on the super class.

At the same time this also makes sure that getters won't be
triggered accessing the `constructor` property.

PR-URL: #30343
Fixes: #30333
Reviewed-By: James M Snell <jasnell@gmail.com>
Reviewed-By: Denys Otrishko <shishugi@gmail.com>
Reviewed-By: Jeremiah Senkpiel <fishrock123@rocketmail.com>

lib/internal/util/inspect.js

@@ -1567,6 +1567,31 @@ function reduceToSingleString(
   return `${braces[0]}${ln}${join(output, `,\n${indentation}  `)} ${braces[1]}`;
 }
 
+function hasBuiltInToString(value) {
+  // Count objects that have no `toString` function as built-in.
+  if (typeof value.toString !== 'function') {
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  // The object has a own `toString` property. Thus it's not not a built-in one.
+  if (ObjectPrototypeHasOwnProperty(value, 'toString')) {
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  // Find the object that has the `toString` property as own property in the
+  // prototype chain.
+  let pointer = value;
+  do {
+    pointer = ObjectGetPrototypeOf(pointer);
+  } while (!ObjectPrototypeHasOwnProperty(pointer, 'toString'));
+
+  // Check closer if the object is a built-in.
+  const descriptor = ObjectGetOwnPropertyDescriptor(pointer, 'constructor');
+  return descriptor !== undefined &&
+    typeof descriptor.value === 'function' &&
+    builtInObjects.has(descriptor.value.name);
+}
+
 const firstErrorLine = (error) => error.message.split('\n')[0];
 let CIRCULAR_ERROR_MESSAGE;
 function tryStringify(arg) {
@@ -1625,29 +1650,17 @@ function formatWithOptionsInternal(inspectOptions, ...args) {
                 tempStr = formatNumber(stylizeNoColor, tempArg);
               } else if (typeof tempArg === 'bigint') {
                 tempStr = `${tempArg}n`;
+              } else if (typeof tempArg !== 'object' ||
+                         tempArg === null ||
+                         !hasBuiltInToString(tempArg)) {
+                tempStr = String(tempArg);
               } else {
-                let constr;
-                if (typeof tempArg !== 'object' ||
-                    tempArg === null ||
-                    (typeof tempArg.toString === 'function' &&
-                     // A direct own property.
-                     (ObjectPrototypeHasOwnProperty(tempArg, 'toString') ||
-                      // A direct own property on the constructor prototype in
-                      // case the constructor is not an built-in object.
-                      ((constr = tempArg.constructor) &&
-                      !builtInObjects.has(constr.name) &&
-                      constr.prototype &&
-                      ObjectPrototypeHasOwnProperty(constr.prototype,
-                                                    'toString'))))) {
-                  tempStr = String(tempArg);
-                } else {
-                  tempStr = inspect(tempArg, {
-                    ...inspectOptions,
-                    compact: 3,
-                    colors: false,
-                    depth: 0
-                  });
-                }
+                tempStr = inspect(tempArg, {
+                  ...inspectOptions,
+                  compact: 3,
+                  colors: false,
+                  depth: 0
+                });
               }
               break;
             case 106: // 'j'

test/parallel/test-util-format.js

@@ -160,6 +160,66 @@ assert.strictEqual(util.format('%s', () => 5), '() => 5');
     util.format('%s', new Foobar(5)),
     'Foobar [ <5 empty items>, aaa: true ]'
   );
+
+  // Subclassing:
+  class B extends Foo {}
+
+  function C() {}
+  C.prototype.toString = function() {
+    return 'Custom';
+  };
+
+  function D() {
+    C.call(this);
+  }
+  D.prototype = Object.create(C.prototype);
+
+  assert.strictEqual(
+    util.format('%s', new B()),
+    'Bar'
+  );
+  assert.strictEqual(
+    util.format('%s', new C()),
+    'Custom'
+  );
+  assert.strictEqual(
+    util.format('%s', new D()),
+    'Custom'
+  );
+
+  D.prototype.constructor = D;
+  assert.strictEqual(
+    util.format('%s', new D()),
+    'Custom'
+  );
+
+  D.prototype.constructor = null;
+  assert.strictEqual(
+    util.format('%s', new D()),
+    'Custom'
+  );
+
+  D.prototype.constructor = { name: 'Foobar' };
+  assert.strictEqual(
+    util.format('%s', new D()),
+    'Custom'
+  );
+
+  Object.defineProperty(D.prototype, 'constructor', {
+    get() {
+      throw new Error();
+    },
+    configurable: true
+  });
+  assert.strictEqual(
+    util.format('%s', new D()),
+    'Custom'
+  );
+
+  assert.strictEqual(
+    util.format('%s', Object.create(null)),
+    '[Object: null prototype] {}'
+  );
 }
 
 // JSON format specifier