feat: Implement turbofish operator

[jfecher]

Description

Problem*

Resolves #3413

Summary*

Adds the turbofish operator ::<> to variables and method calls in Noir.

Additional Context

I'm publishing this as a draft because I'm shelving this work for now after implementing the majority of it.

The work that remains to be done is handling the special case of method calls on generic impls. A generic impl will implicitly add the impl generics to each method - which means the generic count on a method itself as seen by the turbofish operator will not match the actual generics on the function internally. We'll likely need to separate out these implicit generics internally. Such that expected_generic_count = function_generics - impl_generics. I've added this as a test case to the generics test to ensure it works when this is merged.

Documentation*

Check one:

• No documentation needed.
• Documentation included in this PR.
• [Exceptional Case] Documentation to be submitted in a separate PR.
• No documentation is in this PR yet since it is still a draft.

PR Checklist*

• I have tested the changes locally.
• I have formatted the changes with Prettier and/or cargo fmt on default settings.

[LogvinovLeon]

Would be nice to revive it

[vezenovm]

This should be ready again

[jfecher]

LGTM

[vezenovm]

LGTM

Ok going to merge

[LogvinovLeon]

Tried using it and got the error on the simplest example:

use dep::std::unsafe::zeroed;

fn main() -> pub Field {
    fun::<2>()
}

fn fun<N>() -> Field {
    0
}

error: expected type Field, found type ()
  ┌─ /Users/leonidlogvinov/Dev/ZK/trait_repro/src/main.nr:3:18
  │
3 │   fn main() -> pub Field {
  │                    ----- expected Field because of return type
  │ ╭────────────────────────'
4 │ │     fun::<2>()
5 │ │ }
  │ ╰─' () returned here
  │

error: Unexpected ::, expected one of binary operator, Ident
  ┌─ /Users/leonidlogvinov/Dev/ZK/trait_repro/src/main.nr:4:8
  │
4 │     fun::<2>()
  │        ---
  │

Aborting due to 2 previous errors

I'm on Noir 0.30.0

[TomAFrench]

Turbofish isn't in the 0.30.0 release, this code compiles fine on master.