Optimize cache behavior on CI

[Swiddis]

Description

Per post-merge feedback on #901, this PR applies some more minor tweaks to the CI, including configuring a better cache and using the retry action instead of manual attempts.

Issues Resolved

N/A

Check List

• New functionality includes testing.
  • All tests pass, including unit test, integration test and doctest
• New functionality has been documented.
  • New functionality has javadoc added
  • New functionality has user manual doc added
• Commits are signed per the DCO using --signoff

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[codecov]

Codecov Report

Merging #925 (0569932) into main (29f6028) will not change coverage.
The diff coverage is n/a.

❗ Current head 0569932 differs from pull request most recent head 7a4110b. Consider uploading reports for the commit 7a4110b to get more accurate results

@@           Coverage Diff           @@
##             main     #925   +/-   ##
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  Coverage   43.72%   43.72%           
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  Files         313      313           
  Lines       18629    18629           
  Branches     4534     4534           
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  Hits         8146     8146           
  Misses       9932     9932           
  Partials      551      551           

Flag	Coverage Δ
dashboards-observability	43.72% <ø> (ø)

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[Swiddis]

Closing as the cache change seems to have almost no effect on bootstrap times, even on a cache hit. This is despite needing 150 additional MB of storage with the new cache.