Bug in DataFrame.loc returning elements in wrong order when indexer is differently ordered than object

doc/source/whatsnew/v1.2.0.rst

@@ -613,6 +613,7 @@ Indexing
 - Bug in indexing on a :class:`Series` or :class:`DataFrame` with a :class:`CategoricalIndex` using listlike indexer that contains elements that are in the index's ``categories`` but not in the index itself failing to raise ``KeyError`` (:issue:`37901`)
 - Bug in :meth:`DataFrame.iloc` and :meth:`Series.iloc` aligning objects in ``__setitem__`` (:issue:`22046`)
 - Bug in :meth:`DataFrame.loc` did not raise ``KeyError`` when missing combination was given with ``slice(None)`` for remaining levels (:issue:`19556`)
+- Bug in :meth:`DataFrame.loc` returning and assigning elements in wrong order when indexer is differently ordered than the :class:`MultiIndex` to filter (:issue:`31330`, :issue:`34603`)
 
 Missing
 ^^^^^^^

pandas/core/indexes/multi.py

@@ -3142,7 +3142,7 @@ def _update_indexer(
                             self._get_level_indexer(x, level=i, indexer=indexer)
                         )
                         indexers = (idxrs if indexers is None else indexers).union(
-                            idxrs
+                            idxrs, sort=False
                         )
                     except KeyError:
 
@@ -3229,6 +3229,9 @@ def _reorder_indexer(
         # order they appears in a list-like sequence
         # This mapping is then use to reorder the indexer
         for i, k in enumerate(seq):
+            if is_scalar(k):
+                # GH#34603 we want to treat a scalar the same as an all equal list
+                k = [k]
             if com.is_bool_indexer(k):
                 new_order = np.arange(n)[indexer]
             elif is_list_like(k):
@@ -3242,6 +3245,9 @@ def _reorder_indexer(
                 key_order_map[level_indexer] = np.arange(len(level_indexer))
 
                 new_order = key_order_map[self.codes[i][indexer]]
+            elif isinstance(k, slice) and k.start is None and k.stop is None:
+                # slice(None) should not determine order GH#31330
+                new_order = np.ones((n,))[indexer]
             else:
                 # For all other case, use the same order as the level
                 new_order = np.arange(n)[indexer]

pandas/tests/indexing/multiindex/test_loc.py

@@ -659,3 +659,30 @@ def test_getitem_non_found_tuple():
     )
     with pytest.raises(KeyError, match=r"\(2\.0, 2\.0, 3\.0\)"):
         df.loc[(2.0, 2.0, 3.0)]
+
+
+def test_loc_setitem_indexer_differently_ordered():
+    # GH#34603
+    mi = MultiIndex.from_product([["a", "b"], [0, 1]])
+    df = DataFrame([[1, 2], [3, 4], [5, 6], [7, 8]], index=mi)
+
+    indexer = ("a", [1, 0])
+    df.loc[indexer, :] = np.array([[9, 10], [11, 12]])
+    expected = DataFrame([[11, 12], [9, 10], [5, 6], [7, 8]], index=mi)
+    tm.assert_frame_equal(df, expected)
+
+
+def test_loc_getitem_index_differently_ordered_slice_none():
+    # GH#31330
+    df = DataFrame(
+        [[1, 2], [3, 4], [5, 6], [7, 8]],
+        index=[["a", "a", "b", "b"], [1, 2, 1, 2]],
+        columns=["a", "b"],
+    )
+    result = df.loc[(slice(None), [2, 1]), :]
+    expected = DataFrame(
+        [[3, 4], [7, 8], [1, 2], [5, 6]],
+        index=[["a", "b", "a", "b"], [2, 2, 1, 1]],
+        columns=["a", "b"],
+    )
+    tm.assert_frame_equal(result, expected)