Makes check a USES_ENVIRONMENTS goal (#17315)

`check` will now run each `CheckRequest` in each specified environment per the `field_sets` in the `CheckRequest`. It looks like the remainder of the `check` infrastructure already successfully handles dealing with multiple `CheckRequest`s.

See #17129

src/python/pants/core/goals/check.py

@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@
     write_reports,
 )
 from pants.core.util_rules.distdir import DistDir
+from pants.core.util_rules.environments import EnvironmentNameRequest
 from pants.engine.collection import Collection
 from pants.engine.console import Console
 from pants.engine.engine_aware import EngineAwareParameter, EngineAwareReturnType
@@ -175,7 +176,7 @@ def activated(cls, union_membership: UnionMembership) -> bool:
 
 class Check(Goal):
     subsystem_cls = CheckSubsystem
-    environment_behavior = Goal.EnvironmentBehavior.LOCAL_ONLY  # TODO(#17129) — Migrate this.
+    environment_behavior = Goal.EnvironmentBehavior.USES_ENVIRONMENTS
 
 
 @goal_rule
@@ -201,8 +202,29 @@ async def check(
         )
         for request_type in request_types
     )
+
+    request_to_field_set = [
+        (request, field_set) for request in requests for field_set in request.field_sets
+    ]
+
+    environment_names = await MultiGet(
+        Get(
+            EnvironmentName,
+            EnvironmentNameRequest,
+            EnvironmentNameRequest.from_field_set(field_set),
+        )
+        for (_, field_set) in request_to_field_set
+    )
+
+    request_to_env_name = {
+        (request, env_name)
+        for (request, _), env_name in zip(request_to_field_set, environment_names)
+    }
+
+    # Run each check request in each valid environment (potentially multiple runs per tool)
     all_results = await MultiGet(
-        Get(CheckResults, CheckRequest, request) for request in requests if request.field_sets
+        Get(CheckResults, {request: CheckRequest, env_name: EnvironmentName})
+        for (request, env_name) in request_to_env_name
     )
 
     results_by_tool: dict[str, list[CheckResult]] = defaultdict(list)

src/python/pants/core/goals/check_test.py

@@ -19,7 +19,9 @@
     check,
 )
 from pants.core.util_rules.distdir import DistDir
+from pants.core.util_rules.environments import EnvironmentNameRequest
 from pants.engine.addresses import Address
+from pants.engine.environment import EnvironmentName
 from pants.engine.fs import EMPTY_DIGEST, EMPTY_FILE_DIGEST, Workspace
 from pants.engine.platform import Platform
 from pants.engine.process import FallibleProcessResult, ProcessResultMetadata
@@ -144,8 +146,16 @@ def run_typecheck_rule(
             mock_gets=[
                 MockGet(
                     output_type=CheckResults,
-                    input_types=(CheckRequest,),
-                    mock=lambda field_set_collection: field_set_collection.check_results,
+                    input_types=(
+                        CheckRequest,
+                        EnvironmentName,
+                    ),
+                    mock=lambda field_set_collection, _: field_set_collection.check_results,
+                ),
+                MockGet(
+                    output_type=EnvironmentName,
+                    input_types=(EnvironmentNameRequest,),
+                    mock=lambda a: EnvironmentName(a.raw_value),
                 ),
             ],
             union_membership=union_membership,