Fix negative gross emissions by excluding emissions accounted in other sectors via CCU

.buildlibrary

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-ValidationKey: '231436854'
+ValidationKey: '231669480'
 AcceptedWarnings:
 - 'Warning: package ''.*'' was built under R version'
 - 'Warning: namespace ''.*'' is not available and has been replaced'

CITATION.cff

@@ -2,8 +2,8 @@ cff-version: 1.2.0
 message: If you use this software, please cite it using the metadata from this file.
 type: software
 title: 'remind2: The REMIND R package (2nd generation)'
-version: 1.157.3
-date-released: '2024-10-02'
+version: 1.158.0
+date-released: '2024-10-10'
 abstract: Contains the REMIND-specific routines for data and model output manipulation.
 authors:
 - family-names: Rodrigues

DESCRIPTION

@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
 Type: Package
 Package: remind2
 Title: The REMIND R package (2nd generation)
-Version: 1.157.3
-Date: 2024-10-02
+Version: 1.158.0
+Date: 2024-10-10
 Authors@R: c(
     person("Renato", "Rodrigues", , "renato.rodrigues@pik-potsdam.de", role = c("aut", "cre")),
     person("Lavinia", "Baumstark", role = "aut"),

R/reportEmi.R

@@ -1654,37 +1654,27 @@ reportEmi <- function(gdx, output = NULL, regionSubsetList = NULL,
                        "Carbon Management|Storage|Fossil|Pe2Se|+|Gases w/ couple prod (Mt CO2/yr)")
   )
 
-  #### calculate corresponding negative emissions variables by CDR for bar plots with gross emissions
-  # same as "Carbon Management|Storage|+|DAC (Mt CO2/yr)" etc. but negative
+  ### 3.5 CDR variables ----
 
-  # only negative land-use change emissions
+
+  # Defined as non-fossil permanent sequestration of carbon in land / geological storage / oceans.
+  # CDR variables are by definition negative.
+
+  # assign land-use change emissions to CDR variable if they are negative
   EmiCDR.LUC <- dimSums(vm_emiMacSector[, , "co2luc"], dim = 3) * GtC_2_MtCO2
   EmiCDR.LUC[EmiCDR.LUC > 0] <- 0
 
   # compute share of atmospheric carbon in total captured carbon
-  p_share_atmosco2 <- dimSums((out[, , "Carbon Management|Carbon Capture|+|Biomass|Pe2Se (Mt CO2/yr)"]
-                               + out[, , "Carbon Management|Carbon Capture|+|DAC (Mt CO2/yr)"]
-                               + out[, , "Carbon Management|Carbon Capture|Industry Energy|+|Biomass (Mt CO2/yr)"])
-                              / (out[, , "Carbon Management|Carbon Capture|+|Biomass|Pe2Se (Mt CO2/yr)"]
-                                 + out[, , "Carbon Management|Carbon Capture|+|DAC (Mt CO2/yr)"]
-                                 + out[, , "Carbon Management|Carbon Capture|+|OAE calcination (Mt CO2/yr)"]
-                                 + out[, , "Carbon Management|Carbon Capture|+|CDR energy (Mt CO2/yr)"]
-                                 + out[, , "Carbon Management|Carbon Capture|Industry Energy|+|Biomass (Mt CO2/yr)"]
-                                 + out[, , "Carbon Management|Carbon Capture|+|Fossil|Pe2Se (Mt CO2/yr)"]
-                                 + out[, , "Carbon Management|Carbon Capture|Industry Energy|+|Fossil (Mt CO2/yr)"]
-                                 + out[, , "Carbon Management|Carbon Capture|+|Industry Process (Mt CO2/yr)"]) ,dim=3
-  )
+  p_share_atmosco2 <- collapseDim((out[, , "Carbon Management|Carbon Capture|+|Biomass|Pe2Se (Mt CO2/yr)"]
+                        + out[, , "Carbon Management|Carbon Capture|+|DAC (Mt CO2/yr)"]
+                        + out[, , "Carbon Management|Carbon Capture|Industry Energy|+|Biomass (Mt CO2/yr)"])
+                        / out[, , "Carbon Management|Carbon Capture (Mt CO2/yr)"])
 
   p_share_atmosco2[is.infinite(p_share_atmosco2)] <- 0
   p_share_atmosco2[is.na(p_share_atmosco2)] <- 0
 
-  # CDR reporting
   # calculate share of atmospheric and biogenic carbon contained in plastic products
-
-  # Emi|CO2|CDR is defined negative
-
-  # calculate share of atmospheric and biogenic carbon contained in plastic products
-  p_share_atmBiogco2 <- dimSums(
+  p_share_atmosco2_plastics <- dimSums(
     (out[, , "Carbon Management|Materials|Plastics|+|Biomass (Mt CO2/yr)"] +
        out[, , "Carbon Management|Materials|Plastics|+|Synfuels (Mt CO2/yr)"] * p_share_atmosco2) /
       out[, , "Carbon Management|Materials|+|Plastics (Mt CO2/yr)"])
@@ -1705,12 +1695,12 @@ reportEmi <- function(gdx, output = NULL, regionSubsetList = NULL,
               # Industry BECCS
               setNames(-out[, , "Carbon Management|Storage|Industry Energy|+|Biomass (Mt CO2/yr)"],
                       "Emi|CO2|CDR|BECCS|Industry (Mt CO2/yr)"),
-              # stored CO2 in industry from carbon-neutral fuels (synthetic fuels)
+              # stored CO2 in industry from carbon-neutral synthetic fuels (storage of fossil synthetic fuels accounted under Emi|CO2|Accounted in Other Sectors|...)
               setNames(-out[, , "Carbon Management|Carbon Capture|Industry Energy|+|Synfuel (Mt CO2/yr)"] * p_share_atmosco2 * p_share_CCS,
                       "Emi|CO2|CDR|Industry CCS|Synthetic Fuels (Mt CO2/yr)"),
 
-              # CO2 stored in plastic products that are not incinerated and come from atmospheric or biogenic carbon
-              setNames(-out[, , "Carbon Management|Materials|Plastics|Waste|++|Other destination (Mt CO2/yr)"] *p_share_atmBiogco2,
+              # CO2 stored in plastic products that are not incinerated and come from atmospheric or biogenic carbon (storage of plastics from fossil synthetic fuels accounted under Emi|CO2|Accounted in Other Sectors|... )
+              setNames(-out[, , "Carbon Management|Materials|Plastics|Waste|++|Other destination (Mt CO2/yr)"] * p_share_atmosco2_plastics,
                        "Emi|CO2|CDR|Materials|+|Plastics (Mt CO2/yr)"),
 
               # total DACCS
@@ -1776,7 +1766,6 @@ reportEmi <- function(gdx, output = NULL, regionSubsetList = NULL,
 
   out <- mbind(out,
                # total CDR
-               # double-check: if we don't account for fossil content in plastics, the emissions might not add up?
                setNames( out[, , "Emi|CO2|CDR|Land-Use Change (Mt CO2/yr)"]
                          + out[, , "Emi|CO2|CDR|BECCS (Mt CO2/yr)"]
                          + out[, , "Emi|CO2|CDR|DACCS (Mt CO2/yr)"]
@@ -1788,23 +1777,34 @@ reportEmi <- function(gdx, output = NULL, regionSubsetList = NULL,
   )
 
 
+  ### 3.6 Emissions Accounted in Other Sectors via CCU ----
+
+  # This accounts negative emissions from CO2 of fossil-based synfuels that is permanently stored (either in plastics or via CCS).
+  # This variable is necessary as it reports negative emissions that need to be accounted to the industry sector because
+  # emissions for CCU were already accounted upstream in the sector that captured the carbon. If the industry sector stores this
+  # carbon, it is eventually not emitted such that it needs to be accounted negative in the industry sector. However, these negative emissions
+  # are not carbon dioxide removal (CDR) because the CO2 is of fossil origin.
+
+  out <- mbind(out,
+               setNames( -out[, , "Carbon Management|Carbon Capture|Industry Energy|+|Synfuel (Mt CO2/yr)"] * (1-p_share_atmosco2) * p_share_CCS,
+                         "Emi|CO2|Accounted in Other Sectors via CCU|Energy|Industry|Fossil Synfuel CCS (Mt CO2/yr)"),
+              setNames( -out[, , "Carbon Management|Materials|Plastics|Waste|++|Other destination (Mt CO2/yr)"] * (1-p_share_atmosco2_plastics),
+                         "Emi|CO2|Accounted in Other Sectors via CCU|Energy|Industry|Fossil Synfuel Plastics Sequestration (Mt CO2/yr)"))
+
+
+  out <- mbind(out,
+                setNames(  out[,,"Emi|CO2|Accounted in Other Sectors via CCU|Energy|Industry|Fossil Synfuel CCS (Mt CO2/yr)"]
+                         + out[,,"Emi|CO2|Accounted in Other Sectors via CCU|Energy|Industry|Fossil Synfuel Plastics Sequestration (Mt CO2/yr)"],
+                         "Emi|CO2|Accounted in Other Sectors via CCU|Energy|Industry (Mt CO2/yr)"))
+
+
   ## 4. Gross Emissions ----
-  # (excl. negative emissions from storing non-fossil carbon from bioenergy or synthetic fuels)
-
-  #### calculate gross emissions
-
-  # All standard emissions variables "Emi|CO2|..." are defined as net emissions, that is, including negative emissions from CDR technologies.
-  # We define gross emissions as net emissions plus CDR flows from capturing carbon from non-fossil energy flows. That includes carbon from biomass and
-  # synfuels from non-fossil (biomass or DAC) origin.
-  # Note: With the current definition of gross emissions (only including non-fossil CCS) and our current emissions accounting convention of CCU that
-  # accounts carbon in synthetic fuels with the CO2 provider, gross industry emissions (Emi|CO2|Gross|Energy|Demand|+|Industry)
-  # can become negative under certain circumstances. This reason is: Using synthetic fuels is always accounted as emissions-free for the industry sector
-  # regardless of whether the carbon of the synfuels comes from fossil or non-fossil origin. Moreover, carbon from all origins (non-fossil and fossil) is subtracted
-  # from the industry emissions in case industry CCS is applied to those emissions. However, the variable Emi|CO2|CDR|Industry CCS|Synthetic Fuels
-  # used to calculate the gross industry emissions only contains the carbon from non-fossil synfuels, though. This is following the principle
-  # that only non-fossil carbon should be accounted as CDR variables as only non-fossil removals are negative emissions from a full-system perspective.
-  # So, the carbon from fossil-based synfuels which is captured and stored in industry is still accounted as negative emissions for industry
-  # in Emi|CO2|Gross|Energy|Demand|+|Industry. The corresponding fossil emissions are accounted with the sector that captured the fossil CO2 in the first place.
+  # (fossil co2 emissions, that is, net emissions excl. negative emissions from CDR and carbon accounted in other sectors)
+
+  #### calculate gross emissions by adding CDR and carbon accounted in other sectors via CCU to net emissions.
+
+  # Gross emissions represent fossil CO2 emissions of the sector to the atmosphere. It relates to net emissions via:
+  # Net Emissions = Gross Emissions + CDR + Carbon Accounted in Other Sectors
   out <- mbind(out,
                # gross supply emissions across SE carriers
                setNames(out[, , "Emi|CO2|Energy|Supply|+|Electricity w/ couple prod (Mt CO2/yr)"]
@@ -1833,11 +1833,13 @@ reportEmi <- function(gdx, output = NULL, regionSubsetList = NULL,
   )
 
   # calculate gross emissions in energy demand sectors
+  # also add emissions accounted in other sectors via CCU
   out <- mbind(out,
                setNames(out[, , "Emi|CO2|Energy|Demand|+|Industry (Mt CO2/yr)"]
                         - out[, , "Emi|CO2|CDR|Industry CCS|Synthetic Fuels (Mt CO2/yr)"]
                         - out[, , "Emi|CO2|CDR|BECCS|Industry (Mt CO2/yr)"]
-                        - out[, , "Emi|CO2|CDR|Materials|+|Plastics (Mt CO2/yr)"],
+                        - out[, , "Emi|CO2|CDR|Materials|+|Plastics (Mt CO2/yr)"]
+                        - out[, , "Emi|CO2|Accounted in Other Sectors via CCU|Energy|Industry (Mt CO2/yr)"],
                         "Emi|CO2|Gross|Energy|Demand|+|Industry (Mt CO2/yr)"),
                # buildings and transport do not capture emissions in REMIND, so gross emissions = net emissions
                setNames(out[, , "Emi|CO2|Energy|Demand|+|Buildings (Mt CO2/yr)"],
@@ -1850,7 +1852,8 @@ reportEmi <- function(gdx, output = NULL, regionSubsetList = NULL,
                setNames(out[, , "Emi|CO2|Energy|+|Demand (Mt CO2/yr)"]
                         - out[, , "Emi|CO2|CDR|Industry CCS|Synthetic Fuels (Mt CO2/yr)"]
                         - out[, , "Emi|CO2|CDR|BECCS|Industry (Mt CO2/yr)"]
-                        - out[, , "Emi|CO2|CDR|Materials|+|Plastics (Mt CO2/yr)"],
+                        - out[, , "Emi|CO2|CDR|Materials|+|Plastics (Mt CO2/yr)"]
+                        - out[, , "Emi|CO2|Accounted in Other Sectors via CCU|Energy|Industry (Mt CO2/yr)"],
                         "Emi|CO2|Gross|Energy|+|Demand (Mt CO2/yr)")
   )
 
@@ -1862,19 +1865,22 @@ reportEmi <- function(gdx, output = NULL, regionSubsetList = NULL,
                  setNames(out[, , "Emi|CO2|+|Energy (Mt CO2/yr)"]
                           - out[, , "Emi|CO2|CDR|Industry CCS|Synthetic Fuels (Mt CO2/yr)"]
                           - out[, , "Emi|CO2|CDR|BECCS (Mt CO2/yr)"]
-                          - out[, , "Emi|CO2|CDR|Materials|+|Plastics (Mt CO2/yr)"],
+                          - out[, , "Emi|CO2|CDR|Materials|+|Plastics (Mt CO2/yr)"]
+                          - out[, , "Emi|CO2|Accounted in Other Sectors via CCU|Energy|Industry (Mt CO2/yr)"],
                           "Emi|CO2|Gross|Energy (Mt CO2/yr)"),
 
                  # total gross energy and industrial process emissions
                  setNames(out[, , "Emi|CO2|Energy and Industrial Processes (Mt CO2/yr)"]
                           - out[, , "Emi|CO2|CDR|Industry CCS|Synthetic Fuels (Mt CO2/yr)"]
                           - out[, , "Emi|CO2|CDR|BECCS (Mt CO2/yr)"]
-                          - out[, , "Emi|CO2|CDR|Materials|+|Plastics (Mt CO2/yr)"],
+                          - out[, , "Emi|CO2|CDR|Materials|+|Plastics (Mt CO2/yr)"]
+                          - out[, , "Emi|CO2|Accounted in Other Sectors via CCU|Energy|Industry (Mt CO2/yr)"],
                           "Emi|CO2|Gross|Energy and Industrial Processes (Mt CO2/yr)"),
 
                  # total gross emissions
                  setNames(out[, , "Emi|CO2 (Mt CO2/yr)"]
-                          - out[, , "Emi|CO2|CDR (Mt CO2/yr)"],
+                          - out[, , "Emi|CO2|CDR (Mt CO2/yr)"]
+                          - out[, , "Emi|CO2|Accounted in Other Sectors via CCU|Energy|Industry (Mt CO2/yr)"],
                           "Emi|CO2|Gross (Mt CO2/yr)")
     )
 
@@ -2191,8 +2197,11 @@ reportEmi <- function(gdx, output = NULL, regionSubsetList = NULL,
   )
 
 
-  ## gross GHG variables (ecxl. negative emissions from BECCS and carbon storage of carbon-neutral synthetic fuels)
-  ## note Emi|CO2|CDR|... variables are negative. That's why we substract them to get from net to gross emissions.
+  ## gross GHG variables
+  # The component of energy emissions are fossil co2 emissions, that is,
+  # net emissions excl. negative emissions from CDR and carbon accounted in other sectors
+  # (see section on gross CO2 emissions above).
+
   out <- mbind(out,
 
                # total gross supply emissions
@@ -2204,13 +2213,15 @@ reportEmi <- function(gdx, output = NULL, regionSubsetList = NULL,
                setNames(out[, , "Emi|GHG|Energy|+|Demand (Mt CO2eq/yr)"]
                         - out[, , "Emi|CO2|CDR|Industry CCS|Synthetic Fuels (Mt CO2/yr)"]
                         - out[, , "Emi|CO2|CDR|BECCS|Industry (Mt CO2/yr)"]
-                        - out[, , "Emi|CO2|CDR|Materials|+|Plastics (Mt CO2/yr)"],
+                        - out[, , "Emi|CO2|CDR|Materials|+|Plastics (Mt CO2/yr)"]
+                        - out[, , "Emi|CO2|Accounted in Other Sectors via CCU|Energy|Industry (Mt CO2/yr)"],
                         "Emi|GHG|Gross|Energy|+|Demand (Mt CO2eq/yr)"),
 
                setNames(out[, , "Emi|GHG|Energy|Demand|+|Industry (Mt CO2eq/yr)"]
                         - out[, , "Emi|CO2|CDR|Industry CCS|Synthetic Fuels (Mt CO2/yr)"]
                         - out[, , "Emi|CO2|CDR|BECCS|Industry (Mt CO2/yr)"]
-                        - out[, , "Emi|CO2|CDR|Materials|+|Plastics (Mt CO2/yr)"],
+                        - out[, , "Emi|CO2|CDR|Materials|+|Plastics (Mt CO2/yr)"]
+                        - out[, , "Emi|CO2|Accounted in Other Sectors via CCU|Energy|Industry (Mt CO2/yr)"],
                         "Emi|GHG|Gross|Energy|Demand|+|Industry (Mt CO2eq/yr)"),
 
                setNames(out[, , "Emi|GHG|Energy|Demand|+|Buildings (Mt CO2eq/yr)"],
@@ -2231,7 +2242,8 @@ reportEmi <- function(gdx, output = NULL, regionSubsetList = NULL,
                setNames(out[, , "Emi|GHG|+++|Energy (Mt CO2eq/yr)"]
                         - out[, , "Emi|CO2|CDR|Industry CCS|Synthetic Fuels (Mt CO2/yr)"]
                         - out[, , "Emi|CO2|CDR|BECCS (Mt CO2/yr)"]
-                        - out[, , "Emi|CO2|CDR|Materials|+|Plastics (Mt CO2/yr)"],
+                        - out[, , "Emi|CO2|CDR|Materials|+|Plastics (Mt CO2/yr)"]
+                        - out[, , "Emi|CO2|Accounted in Other Sectors via CCU|Energy|Industry (Mt CO2/yr)"],
                         "Emi|GHG|Gross|Energy (Mt CO2eq/yr)")
     )
 
@@ -2550,6 +2562,7 @@ reportEmi <- function(gdx, output = NULL, regionSubsetList = NULL,
     names.lulucf <- gsub("\\ \\(Mt CO2eq/yr\\)", "|LULUCF national accounting (Mt CO2eq/yr)", names.lulucf)
     names.lulucf <- gsub("\\ \\(Mt CO2/yr\\)", "|LULUCF national accounting (Mt CO2/yr)", names.lulucf)
     names.lulucf <- gsub("\\|\\+\\|", "\\|", names.lulucf )
+    names.lulucf <- gsub("\\|\\+\\+\\|", "\\|", names.lulucf )
     names.lulucf <- gsub("\\|\\+\\+\\+\\|", "\\|", names.lulucf )
     getNames(out.lulucf) <- names.lulucf
 
@@ -2715,7 +2728,8 @@ reportEmi <- function(gdx, output = NULL, regionSubsetList = NULL,
       "Emi|CO2|CDR|EW (Mt CO2/yr)",
       "Emi|CO2|CDR|OAE (Mt CO2/yr)",
       "Emi|CO2|CDR|Land-Use Change (Mt CO2/yr)",
-      "Emi|CO2|CDR|Materials|+|Plastics (Mt CO2/yr)"
+      "Emi|CO2|CDR|Materials|+|Plastics (Mt CO2/yr)",
+      "Emi|CO2|Accounted in Other Sectors via CCU|Energy|Industry (Mt CO2/yr)"
     )
 
   # variable names for cumulated emissions variables

README.md

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 # The REMIND R package (2nd generation)
 
-R package **remind2**, version **1.157.3**
+R package **remind2**, version **1.158.0**
 
 [![CRAN status](https://www.r-pkg.org/badges/version/remind2)](https://cran.r-project.org/package=remind2)  [![R build status](https://github.com/pik-piam/remind2/workflows/check/badge.svg)](https://github.com/pik-piam/remind2/actions) [![codecov](https://codecov.io/gh/pik-piam/remind2/branch/master/graph/badge.svg)](https://app.codecov.io/gh/pik-piam/remind2) [![r-universe](https://pik-piam.r-universe.dev/badges/remind2)](https://pik-piam.r-universe.dev/builds)
 
@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ In case of questions / problems please contact Renato Rodrigues <renato.rodrigue
 
 To cite package **remind2** in publications use:
 
-Rodrigues R, Baumstark L, Benke F, Dietrich J, Dirnaichner A, Duerrwaechter J, Führlich P, Giannousakis A, Hasse R, Hilaire J, Klein D, Koch J, Kowalczyk K, Levesque A, Malik A, Merfort A, Merfort L, Morena-Leiva S, Pehl M, Pietzcker R, Rauner S, Richters O, Rottoli M, Schötz C, Schreyer F, Siala K, Sörgel B, Spahr M, Strefler J, Verpoort P, Weigmann P, Rüter T (2024). _remind2: The REMIND R package (2nd generation)_. R package version 1.157.3, <https://github.com/pik-piam/remind2>.
+Rodrigues R, Baumstark L, Benke F, Dietrich J, Dirnaichner A, Duerrwaechter J, Führlich P, Giannousakis A, Hasse R, Hilaire J, Klein D, Koch J, Kowalczyk K, Levesque A, Malik A, Merfort A, Merfort L, Morena-Leiva S, Pehl M, Pietzcker R, Rauner S, Richters O, Rottoli M, Schötz C, Schreyer F, Siala K, Sörgel B, Spahr M, Strefler J, Verpoort P, Weigmann P, Rüter T (2024). _remind2: The REMIND R package (2nd generation)_. R package version 1.158.0, <https://github.com/pik-piam/remind2>.
 
 A BibTeX entry for LaTeX users is
 
@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ A BibTeX entry for LaTeX users is
   title = {remind2: The REMIND R package (2nd generation)},
   author = {Renato Rodrigues and Lavinia Baumstark and Falk Benke and Jan Philipp Dietrich and Alois Dirnaichner and Jakob Duerrwaechter and Pascal Führlich and Anastasis Giannousakis and Robin Hasse and Jérome Hilaire and David Klein and Johannes Koch and Katarzyna Kowalczyk and Antoine Levesque and Aman Malik and Anne Merfort and Leon Merfort and Simón Morena-Leiva and Michaja Pehl and Robert Pietzcker and Sebastian Rauner and Oliver Richters and Marianna Rottoli and Christof Schötz and Felix Schreyer and Kais Siala and Björn Sörgel and Mike Spahr and Jessica Strefler and Philipp Verpoort and Pascal Weigmann and Tonn Rüter},
   year = {2024},
-  note = {R package version 1.157.3},
+  note = {R package version 1.158.0},
   url = {https://github.com/pik-piam/remind2},
 }
 ```