Add constrained_types package to the standard library

[SeanTAllen]

Implements RFC 79.

https://github.com/ponylang/rfcs/blob/main/text/0079-constrained-types.md

Closes #4492

[SeanTAllen]

Action linter failure is expected as it doesn't yet know about the macos-14 runner type.

[ponylang-main]

Hi @SeanTAllen,

The changelog - added label was added to this pull request; all PRs with a changelog label need to have release notes included as part of the PR. If you haven't added release notes already, please do.

Release notes are added by creating a uniquely named file in the .release-notes directory. We suggest you call the file 4493.md to match the number of this pull request.

The basic format of the release notes (using markdown) should be:

## Title

End user description of changes, why it's important,
problems it solves etc.

If a breaking change, make sure to include 1 or more
examples what code would look like prior to this change
and how to update it to work after this change.

Thanks.

[SeanTAllen]

After this goes out in a release, I'm going to add a Pony pattern.