Improve Merge performance

Use a heap for Next for merges, and
pre-compute if there's many postings on the
unset path.

Add posting lookup benchmarks

Signed-off-by: Brian Brazil <brian.brazil@robustperception.io>

head_bench_test.go

@@ -56,17 +56,56 @@ func BenchmarkHeadPostingForMatchers(b *testing.B) {
 	testutil.Ok(b, err)
 	defer h.Close()
 
-	// TODO: vary number of series
-	for i := 0; i < 1000000; i++ {
-		h.getOrCreate(uint64(i), labels.FromStrings("a", strconv.Itoa(i)))
+	var hash uint64
+	for n := 0; n < 10; n++ {
+		for i := 0; i < 100000; i++ {
+			h.getOrCreate(hash, labels.FromStrings("i", strconv.Itoa(i), "n", strconv.Itoa(i), "j", "foo"))
+			hash++
+			h.getOrCreate(hash, labels.FromStrings("i", strconv.Itoa(i), "n", strconv.Itoa(i), "j", "bar"))
+			hash++
+		}
 	}
 
-	b.ResetTimer()
+	n1 := labels.NewEqualMatcher("n", "1")
 
-	all, _ := labels.NewRegexpMatcher("a", ".*")
+	jFoo := labels.NewEqualMatcher("j", "foo")
+	jNotFoo := labels.Not(jFoo)
 
-	for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
-		_, err := PostingsForMatchers(h.indexRange(0, 1000), all)
-		testutil.Ok(b, err)
+	iStar := labels.NewMustRegexpMatcher("i", "^.*$")
+	iPlus := labels.NewMustRegexpMatcher("i", "^.+$")
+	i1Plus := labels.NewMustRegexpMatcher("i", "^1.+$")
+	iEmptyRe := labels.NewMustRegexpMatcher("i", "^$")
+	iNotEmpty := labels.Not(labels.NewEqualMatcher("i", ""))
+	iNot2 := labels.Not(labels.NewEqualMatcher("n", "2"))
+	iNot2Star := labels.Not(labels.NewMustRegexpMatcher("i", "^2.*$"))
+
+	cases := []struct {
+		name     string
+		matchers []labels.Matcher
+	}{
+		{`n="1"`, []labels.Matcher{n1}},
+		{`n="1",j="foo"`, []labels.Matcher{n1, jFoo}},
+		{`j="foo",n="1"`, []labels.Matcher{jFoo, n1}},
+		{`n="1",j!="foo"`, []labels.Matcher{n1, jNotFoo}},
+		{`i=~".*"`, []labels.Matcher{iStar}},
+		{`i=~".+"`, []labels.Matcher{iPlus}},
+		{`i=~""`, []labels.Matcher{iEmptyRe}},
+		{`i!=""`, []labels.Matcher{iNotEmpty}},
+		{`n="1",i=~".*",j="foo"`, []labels.Matcher{n1, iStar, jFoo}},
+		{`n="1",i=~".*",i!="2",j="foo"`, []labels.Matcher{n1, iStar, iNot2, jFoo}},
+		{`n="1",i!="",j="foo"`, []labels.Matcher{n1, iNotEmpty, jFoo}},
+		{`n="1",i=~".+",j="foo"`, []labels.Matcher{n1, iPlus, jFoo}},
+		{`n="1",i=~"1.+",j="foo"`, []labels.Matcher{n1, i1Plus, jFoo}},
+		{`n="1",i=~".+",i!="2",j="foo"`, []labels.Matcher{n1, iPlus, iNot2, jFoo}},
+		{`n="1",i=~".+",i!~"2.*",j="foo"`, []labels.Matcher{n1, iPlus, iNot2Star, jFoo}},
+	}
+
+	for _, c := range cases {
+		b.Run(c.name, func(b *testing.B) {
+			for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
+				_, err := PostingsForMatchers(h.indexRange(0, 1000), c.matchers...)
+				testutil.Ok(b, err)
+			}
+		})
 	}
 }

index/postings.go

@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@
 package index
 
 import (
+	"container/heap"
 	"encoding/binary"
 	"runtime"
 	"sort"
@@ -365,25 +366,131 @@ func Merge(its ...Postings) Postings {
 	if len(its) == 1 {
 		return its[0]
 	}
-	// All the uses of this function immediately expand it, so
-	// collect everything in a map. This is more efficient
-	// when there's 100ks of postings, compared to
-	// having a tree of merge objects.
-	pm := make(map[uint64]struct{}, len(its))
-	for _, it := range its {
-		for it.Next() {
-			pm[it.At()] = struct{}{}
+	return newMergedPostings(its)
+}
+
+type postingsHeap []Postings
+
+func (h postingsHeap) Len() int           { return len(h) }
+func (h postingsHeap) Less(i, j int) bool { return h[i].At() < h[j].At() }
+func (h *postingsHeap) Swap(i, j int)     { (*h)[i], (*h)[j] = (*h)[j], (*h)[i] }
+
+func (h *postingsHeap) Push(x interface{}) {
+	*h = append(*h, x.(Postings))
+}
+
+func (h *postingsHeap) Pop() interface{} {
+	old := *h
+	n := len(old)
+	x := old[n-1]
+	*h = old[0 : n-1]
+	return x
+}
+
+type mergedPostings struct {
+	h          postingsHeap
+	initilized bool
+	heaped     bool
+	cur        uint64
+	err        error
+}
+
+func newMergedPostings(p []Postings) *mergedPostings {
+	ph := make(postingsHeap, 0, len(p))
+	for _, it := range p {
+		if it.Next() {
+			ph = append(ph, it)
+		} else {
+			if it.Err() != nil {
+				return &mergedPostings{err: it.Err()}
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	return &mergedPostings{h: ph}
+}
+
+func (it *mergedPostings) Next() bool {
+	if it.h.Len() == 0 || it.err != nil {
+		return false
+	}
+
+	if !it.heaped {
+		heap.Init(&it.h)
+		it.heaped = true
+	}
+	// The user must issue an initial Next.
+	if !it.initilized {
+		it.cur = it.h[0].At()
+		it.initilized = true
+		return true
+	}
+
+	for {
+		cur := it.h[0]
+		if !cur.Next() {
+			heap.Pop(&it.h)
+			if cur.Err() != nil {
+				it.err = cur.Err()
+				return false
+			}
+			if it.h.Len() == 0 {
+				return false
+			}
+		} else {
+			// Value of top of heap has changed, re-heapify.
+			heap.Fix(&it.h, 0)
 		}
-		if it.Err() != nil {
-			return ErrPostings(it.Err())
+
+		if it.h[0].At() != it.cur {
+			it.cur = it.h[0].At()
+			return true
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func (it *mergedPostings) Seek(id uint64) bool {
+	if it.h.Len() == 0 || it.err != nil {
+		return false
+	}
+	if !it.initilized {
+		if !it.Next() {
+			return false
 		}
 	}
-	pl := make([]uint64, 0, len(pm))
-	for p := range pm {
-		pl = append(pl, p)
+	if it.cur >= id {
+		return true
 	}
-	sort.Slice(pl, func(i, j int) bool { return pl[i] < pl[j] })
-	return newListPostings(pl)
+	// Heapifying when there is lots of Seeks is inefficient.
+	it.heaped = false
+	newH := make(postingsHeap, 0, len(it.h))
+	lowest := ^uint64(0)
+	for _, i := range it.h {
+		if i.Seek(id) {
+			newH = append(newH, i)
+			if i.At() < lowest {
+				lowest = i.At()
+			}
+		} else {
+			if i.Err() != nil {
+				it.err = i.Err()
+				return false
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	it.h = newH
+	if len(it.h) == 0 {
+		return false
+	}
+	it.cur = lowest
+	return true
+}
+
+func (it mergedPostings) At() uint64 {
+	return it.cur
+}
+
+func (it mergedPostings) Err() error {
+	return it.err
 }
 
 // Without returns a new postings list that contains all elements from the full list that
@@ -498,6 +605,9 @@ func (it *listPostings) Seek(x uint64) bool {
 	if it.cur >= x {
 		return true
 	}
+	if len(it.list) == 0 {
+		return false
+	}
 
 	// Do binary search between current position and end.
 	i := sort.Search(len(it.list), func(i int) bool {

querier.go

@@ -354,11 +354,23 @@ func postingsForUnsetLabelMatcher(ix IndexReader, m labels.Matcher) (index.Posti
 		rit = append(rit, it)
 	}
 
+	merged := index.Merge(rit...)
+	// With many many postings, it's best to pre-calculate
+	// the merged list via next rather than have a ton of seeks
+	// in Without/Intersection.
+	if len(rit) > 100 {
+		pl, err := index.ExpandPostings(merged)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+		merged = index.NewListPostings(pl)
+	}
+
 	allPostings, err := ix.Postings(index.AllPostingsKey())
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
-	return index.Without(allPostings, index.Merge(rit...)), nil
+	return index.Without(allPostings, merged), nil
 }
 
 func mergeStrings(a, b []string) []string {