enable loading remote hdf5 files (#2782)

* attempt at loading remote hdf5

* added a couple tests

* rewind bytes after reading header

* addressed comments for tests and error message

* fixed pep8 formatting

* created _get_engine_from_magic_number function, new tests

* added description in whats-new

* fixed test failure on windows

* same error on windows and nix

doc/whats-new.rst

@@ -33,7 +33,9 @@ Breaking changes
 
 Enhancements
 ~~~~~~~~~~~~
-
+- Added ability to open netcdf4/hdf5 file-like objects with ``open_dataset``.
+  Requires (h5netcdf>0.7 and h5py>2.9.0). (:issue:`2781`)
+  By `Scott Henderson <https://github.com/scottyhq>`_
 - Internal plotting now supports ``cftime.datetime`` objects as time series.
   (:issue:`2164`)
   By `Julius Busecke <https://github.com/jbusecke>`_ and
@@ -81,8 +83,8 @@ Enhancements
   :py:meth:`~xarray.open_mfdataset` (:issue:`1263`) and/or to silence
   serialization warnings raised if dates from a standard calendar are found to
   be outside the :py:class:`pandas.Timestamp`-valid range (:issue:`2754`).  By
-  `Spencer Clark <https://github.com/spencerkclark>`_. 
-  
+  `Spencer Clark <https://github.com/spencerkclark>`_.
+
 - Added :py:meth:`~xarray.Dataset.drop_dims` (:issue:`1949`).
   By `Kevin Squire <https://github.com/kmsquire>`_.
 

xarray/backends/api.py

@@ -75,6 +75,34 @@ def _get_default_engine_netcdf():
     return engine
 
 
+def _get_engine_from_magic_number(filename_or_obj):
+    # check byte header to determine file type
+    if isinstance(filename_or_obj, bytes):
+        magic_number = filename_or_obj[:8]
+    else:
+        if filename_or_obj.tell() != 0:
+            raise ValueError("file-like object read/write pointer not at zero "
+                             "please close and reopen, or use a context "
+                             "manager")
+        magic_number = filename_or_obj.read(8)
+        filename_or_obj.seek(0)
+
+    if magic_number.startswith(b'CDF'):
+        engine = 'scipy'
+    elif magic_number.startswith(b'\211HDF\r\n\032\n'):
+        engine = 'h5netcdf'
+        if isinstance(filename_or_obj, bytes):
+            raise ValueError("can't open netCDF4/HDF5 as bytes "
+                             "try passing a path or file-like object")
+    else:
+        if isinstance(filename_or_obj, bytes) and len(filename_or_obj) > 80:
+            filename_or_obj = filename_or_obj[:80] + b'...'
+        raise ValueError('{} is not a valid netCDF file '
+                         'did you mean to pass a string for a path instead?'
+                         .format(filename_or_obj))
+    return engine
+
+
 def _get_default_engine(path, allow_remote=False):
     if allow_remote and is_remote_uri(path):
         engine = _get_default_engine_remote_uri()
@@ -170,8 +198,8 @@ def open_dataset(filename_or_obj, group=None, decode_cf=True,
         Strings and Path objects are interpreted as a path to a netCDF file
         or an OpenDAP URL and opened with python-netCDF4, unless the filename
         ends with .gz, in which case the file is gunzipped and opened with
-        scipy.io.netcdf (only netCDF3 supported). File-like objects are opened
-        with scipy.io.netcdf (only netCDF3 supported).
+        scipy.io.netcdf (only netCDF3 supported). Byte-strings or file-like
+        objects are opened by scipy.io.netcdf (netCDF3) or h5py (netCDF4/HDF).
     group : str, optional
         Path to the netCDF4 group in the given file to open (only works for
         netCDF4 files).
@@ -258,6 +286,13 @@ def open_dataset(filename_or_obj, group=None, decode_cf=True,
     --------
     open_mfdataset
     """
+    engines = [None, 'netcdf4', 'scipy', 'pydap', 'h5netcdf', 'pynio',
+               'cfgrib', 'pseudonetcdf']
+    if engine not in engines:
+        raise ValueError('unrecognized engine for open_dataset: {}\n'
+                         'must be one of: {}'
+                         .format(engine, engines))
+
     if autoclose is not None:
         warnings.warn(
             'The autoclose argument is no longer used by '
@@ -316,18 +351,9 @@ def maybe_decode_store(store, lock=False):
 
     if isinstance(filename_or_obj, backends.AbstractDataStore):
         store = filename_or_obj
-        ds = maybe_decode_store(store)
-    elif isinstance(filename_or_obj, str):
 
-        if (isinstance(filename_or_obj, bytes) and
-                filename_or_obj.startswith(b'\x89HDF')):
-            raise ValueError('cannot read netCDF4/HDF5 file images')
-        elif (isinstance(filename_or_obj, bytes) and
-                filename_or_obj.startswith(b'CDF')):
-            # netCDF3 file images are handled by scipy
-            pass
-        elif isinstance(filename_or_obj, str):
-            filename_or_obj = _normalize_path(filename_or_obj)
+    elif isinstance(filename_or_obj, str):
+        filename_or_obj = _normalize_path(filename_or_obj)
 
         if engine is None:
             engine = _get_default_engine(filename_or_obj,
@@ -352,18 +378,19 @@ def maybe_decode_store(store, lock=False):
         elif engine == 'cfgrib':
             store = backends.CfGribDataStore(
                 filename_or_obj, lock=lock, **backend_kwargs)
-        else:
-            raise ValueError('unrecognized engine for open_dataset: %r'
-                             % engine)
 
-        with close_on_error(store):
-            ds = maybe_decode_store(store)
     else:
-        if engine is not None and engine != 'scipy':
-            raise ValueError('can only read file-like objects with '
-                             "default engine or engine='scipy'")
-        # assume filename_or_obj is a file-like object
-        store = backends.ScipyDataStore(filename_or_obj)
+        if engine not in [None, 'scipy', 'h5netcdf']:
+            raise ValueError("can only read bytes or file-like objects "
+                             "with engine='scipy' or 'h5netcdf'")
+        engine = _get_engine_from_magic_number(filename_or_obj)
+        if engine == 'scipy':
+            store = backends.ScipyDataStore(filename_or_obj, **backend_kwargs)
+        elif engine == 'h5netcdf':
+            store = backends.H5NetCDFStore(filename_or_obj, group=group,
+                                           lock=lock, **backend_kwargs)
+
+    with close_on_error(store):
         ds = maybe_decode_store(store)
 
     # Ensure source filename always stored in dataset object (GH issue #2550)
@@ -390,8 +417,8 @@ def open_dataarray(filename_or_obj, group=None, decode_cf=True,
         Strings and Paths are interpreted as a path to a netCDF file or an
         OpenDAP URL and opened with python-netCDF4, unless the filename ends
         with .gz, in which case the file is gunzipped and opened with
-        scipy.io.netcdf (only netCDF3 supported). File-like objects are opened
-        with scipy.io.netcdf (only netCDF3 supported).
+        scipy.io.netcdf (only netCDF3 supported). Byte-strings or file-like
+        objects are opened by scipy.io.netcdf (netCDF3) or h5py (netCDF4/HDF).
     group : str, optional
         Path to the netCDF4 group in the given file to open (only works for
         netCDF4 files).

xarray/tests/__init__.py

@@ -77,6 +77,12 @@ def LooseVersion(vstring):
 has_cfgrib, requires_cfgrib = _importorskip('cfgrib')
 
 # some special cases
+has_h5netcdf07, requires_h5netcdf07 = _importorskip('h5netcdf',
+                                                    minversion='0.7')
+has_h5py29, requires_h5py29 = _importorskip('h5py', minversion='2.9.0')
+has_h5fileobj = has_h5netcdf07 and has_h5py29
+requires_h5fileobj = pytest.mark.skipif(
+    not has_h5fileobj, reason='requires h5py>2.9.0 & h5netcdf>0.7')
 has_scipy_or_netCDF4 = has_scipy or has_netCDF4
 requires_scipy_or_netCDF4 = pytest.mark.skipif(
     not has_scipy_or_netCDF4, reason='requires scipy or netCDF4')

xarray/tests/test_backends.py

@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@
     requires_cftime, requires_dask, requires_h5netcdf, requires_netCDF4,
     requires_pathlib, requires_pseudonetcdf, requires_pydap, requires_pynio,
     requires_rasterio, requires_scipy, requires_scipy_or_netCDF4,
-    requires_zarr)
+    requires_zarr, requires_h5fileobj)
 from .test_coding_times import (_STANDARD_CALENDARS, _NON_STANDARD_CALENDARS,
                                 _ALL_CALENDARS)
 from .test_dataset import create_test_data
@@ -1770,7 +1770,7 @@ def test_engine(self):
                 open_dataset(tmp_file, engine='foobar')
 
         netcdf_bytes = data.to_netcdf()
-        with raises_regex(ValueError, 'can only read'):
+        with raises_regex(ValueError, 'unrecognized engine'):
             open_dataset(BytesIO(netcdf_bytes), engine='foobar')
 
     def test_cross_engine_read_write_netcdf3(self):
@@ -1955,6 +1955,52 @@ def test_dump_encodings_h5py(self):
             assert actual.x.encoding['compression_opts'] is None
 
 
+@requires_h5fileobj
+class TestH5NetCDFFileObject(TestH5NetCDFData):
+    engine = 'h5netcdf'
+
+    def test_open_badbytes(self):
+        with raises_regex(ValueError, "HDF5 as bytes"):
+            with open_dataset(b'\211HDF\r\n\032\n', engine='h5netcdf'):
+                pass
+        with raises_regex(ValueError, "not a valid netCDF"):
+            with open_dataset(b'garbage'):
+                pass
+        with raises_regex(ValueError, "can only read bytes"):
+            with open_dataset(b'garbage', engine='netcdf4'):
+                pass
+        with raises_regex(ValueError, "not a valid netCDF"):
+            with open_dataset(BytesIO(b'garbage'), engine='h5netcdf'):
+                pass
+
+    def test_open_twice(self):
+        expected = create_test_data()
+        expected.attrs['foo'] = 'bar'
+        with raises_regex(ValueError, 'read/write pointer not at zero'):
+            with create_tmp_file() as tmp_file:
+                expected.to_netcdf(tmp_file, engine='h5netcdf')
+                with open(tmp_file, 'rb') as f:
+                    with open_dataset(f, engine='h5netcdf'):
+                        with open_dataset(f, engine='h5netcdf'):
+                            pass
+
+    def test_open_fileobj(self):
+        # open in-memory datasets instead of local file paths
+        expected = create_test_data().drop('dim3')
+        expected.attrs['foo'] = 'bar'
+        with create_tmp_file() as tmp_file:
+            expected.to_netcdf(tmp_file, engine='h5netcdf')
+
+            with open(tmp_file, 'rb') as f:
+                with open_dataset(f, engine='h5netcdf') as actual:
+                    assert_identical(expected, actual)
+
+                f.seek(0)
+                with BytesIO(f.read()) as bio:
+                    with open_dataset(bio, engine='h5netcdf') as actual:
+                        assert_identical(expected, actual)
+
+
 @requires_h5netcdf
 @requires_dask
 @pytest.mark.filterwarnings('ignore:deallocating CachingFileManager')