Merge branch 'main' into grouper-public-api

* main:
  exclude the bots from the release notes (#9235)
  switch the documentation to run with `numpy>=2` (#9177)
  `numpy` 2 compatibility in the iris code paths (#9156)
  `numpy` 2 compatibility in the `netcdf4` and `h5netcdf` backends (#9136)
  Fix time indexing regression in `convert_calendar` (#9192)
  Use duckarray assertions in test_coding_times (#9226)
  Use reshape and ravel from duck_array_ops in coding/times.py (#9225)
  Cleanup test_coding_times.py (#9223)
  Only use necessary dims when creating temporary dataarray (#9206)
  Fix two bugs in DataTree.update() (#9214)
  Use numpy 2.0-compat `np.complex64` dtype in test (#9217)

.github/release.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+changelog:
+  exclude:
+    authors:
+      - dependabot
+      - pre-commit-ci

ci/install-upstream-wheels.sh

@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ $conda remove -y numba numbagg sparse
 # temporarily remove numexpr
 $conda remove -y numexpr
 # temporarily remove backends
-$conda remove -y cf_units hdf5 h5py netcdf4 pydap
+$conda remove -y pydap
 # forcibly remove packages to avoid artifacts
 $conda remove -y --force \
     numpy \
@@ -37,8 +37,7 @@ python -m pip install \
     numpy \
     scipy \
     matplotlib \
-    pandas \
-    h5py
+    pandas
 # for some reason pandas depends on pyarrow already.
 # Remove once a `pyarrow` version compiled with `numpy>=2.0` is on `conda-forge`
 python -m pip install \

ci/requirements/all-but-dask.yml

@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ dependencies:
   - netcdf4
   - numba
   - numbagg
-  - numpy<2
+  - numpy
   - packaging
   - pandas
   - pint>=0.22

ci/requirements/doc.yml

@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ dependencies:
   - nbsphinx
   - netcdf4>=1.5
   - numba
-  - numpy>=1.21,<2
+  - numpy>=2
   - packaging>=21.3
   - pandas>=1.4,!=2.1.0
   - pooch

ci/requirements/environment-windows.yml

@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ dependencies:
   - netcdf4
   - numba
   - numbagg
-  - numpy<2
+  - numpy
   - packaging
   - pandas
   # - pint>=0.22

ci/requirements/environment.yml

@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ dependencies:
   - numba
   - numbagg
   - numexpr
-  - numpy<2
+  - numpy
   - opt_einsum
   - packaging
   - pandas

doc/getting-started-guide/faq.rst

@@ -352,9 +352,9 @@ Some packages may have additional functionality beyond what is shown here. You c
 How does xarray handle missing values?
 --------------------------------------
 
-**xarray can handle missing values using ``np.NaN``**
+**xarray can handle missing values using ``np.nan``**
 
-- ``np.NaN`` is  used to represent missing values in labeled arrays and datasets. It is a commonly used standard for representing missing or undefined numerical data in scientific computing. ``np.NaN`` is a constant value in NumPy that represents "Not a Number" or missing values.
+- ``np.nan`` is  used to represent missing values in labeled arrays and datasets. It is a commonly used standard for representing missing or undefined numerical data in scientific computing. ``np.nan`` is a constant value in NumPy that represents "Not a Number" or missing values.
 
 - Most of xarray's computation methods are designed to automatically handle missing values appropriately.
 

doc/user-guide/computation.rst

@@ -426,7 +426,7 @@ However, the functions also take missing values in the data into account:
 
 .. ipython:: python
 
-    data = xr.DataArray([np.NaN, 2, 4])
+    data = xr.DataArray([np.nan, 2, 4])
     weights = xr.DataArray([8, 1, 1])
 
     data.weighted(weights).mean()
@@ -444,7 +444,7 @@ If the weights add up to to 0, ``sum`` returns 0:
 
     data.weighted(weights).sum()
 
-and ``mean``, ``std`` and ``var`` return ``NaN``:
+and ``mean``, ``std`` and ``var`` return ``nan``:
 
 .. ipython:: python
 

doc/user-guide/interpolation.rst

@@ -292,8 +292,8 @@ Let's see how :py:meth:`~xarray.DataArray.interp` works on real data.
     axes[0].set_title("Raw data")
 
     # Interpolated data
-    new_lon = np.linspace(ds.lon[0], ds.lon[-1], ds.sizes["lon"] * 4)
-    new_lat = np.linspace(ds.lat[0], ds.lat[-1], ds.sizes["lat"] * 4)
+    new_lon = np.linspace(ds.lon[0].item(), ds.lon[-1].item(), ds.sizes["lon"] * 4)
+    new_lat = np.linspace(ds.lat[0].item(), ds.lat[-1].item(), ds.sizes["lat"] * 4)
     dsi = ds.interp(lat=new_lat, lon=new_lon)
     dsi.air.plot(ax=axes[1])
     @savefig interpolation_sample3.png width=8in

doc/user-guide/testing.rst

@@ -239,9 +239,10 @@ If the array type you want to generate has an array API-compliant top-level name
 you can use this neat trick:
 
 .. ipython:: python
-    :okwarning:
 
-    from numpy import array_api as xp  # available in numpy 1.26.0
+    import numpy as xp  # compatible in numpy 2.0
+
+    # use `import numpy.array_api as xp` in numpy>=1.23,<2.0
 
     from hypothesis.extra.array_api import make_strategies_namespace
 

doc/whats-new.rst

@@ -37,14 +37,24 @@ Deprecations
 
 Bug fixes
 ~~~~~~~~~
+- Fix scatter plot broadcasting unneccesarily. (:issue:`9129`, :pull:`9206`)
+  By `Jimmy Westling <https://github.com/illviljan>`_.
 - Don't convert custom indexes to ``pandas`` indexes when computing a diff (:pull:`9157`)
   By `Justus Magin <https://github.com/keewis>`_.
 - Make :py:func:`testing.assert_allclose` work with numpy 2.0 (:issue:`9165`, :pull:`9166`).
   By `Pontus Lurcock <https://github.com/pont-us>`_.
 - Allow diffing objects with array attributes on variables (:issue:`9153`, :pull:`9169`).
   By `Justus Magin <https://github.com/keewis>`_.
+- ``numpy>=2`` compatibility in the ``netcdf4`` backend (:pull:`9136`).
+  By `Justus Magin <https://github.com/keewis>`_ and `Kai Mühlbauer <https://github.com/kmuehlbauer>`_.
 - Promote floating-point numeric datetimes before decoding (:issue:`9179`, :pull:`9182`).
   By `Justus Magin <https://github.com/keewis>`_.
+- Address regression introduced in :pull:`9002` that prevented objects returned
+  by py:meth:`DataArray.convert_calendar` to be indexed by a time index in
+  certain circumstances (:issue:`9138`, :pull:`9192`). By `Mark Harfouche
+  <https://github.com/hmaarrfk>`_ and `Spencer Clark
+  <https://github.com/spencerkclark>`.
+
 - Fiy static typing of tolerance arguments by allowing `str` type (:issue:`8892`, :pull:`9194`).
   By `Michael Niklas <https://github.com/headtr1ck>`_.
 - Dark themes are now properly detected for ``html[data-theme=dark]``-tags (:pull:`9200`).
@@ -59,7 +69,7 @@ Documentation
 - Adds a flow-chart diagram to help users navigate help resources (`Discussion #8990 <https://github.com/pydata/xarray/discussions/8990>`_).
   By `Jessica Scheick <https://github.com/jessicas11>`_.
 - Improvements to Zarr & chunking docs (:pull:`9139`, :pull:`9140`, :pull:`9132`)
-  By `Maximilian Roos <https://github.com/max-sixty>`_
+  By `Maximilian Roos <https://github.com/max-sixty>`_.
 
 
 Internal Changes

xarray/coding/calendar_ops.py

@@ -5,7 +5,10 @@
 
 from xarray.coding.cftime_offsets import date_range_like, get_date_type
 from xarray.coding.cftimeindex import CFTimeIndex
-from xarray.coding.times import _should_cftime_be_used, convert_times
+from xarray.coding.times import (
+    _should_cftime_be_used,
+    convert_times,
+)
 from xarray.core.common import _contains_datetime_like_objects, is_np_datetime_like
 
 try:
@@ -222,6 +225,13 @@ def convert_calendar(
         # Remove NaN that where put on invalid dates in target calendar
         out = out.where(out[dim].notnull(), drop=True)
 
+        if use_cftime:
+            # Reassign times to ensure time index of output is a CFTimeIndex
+            # (previously it was an Index due to the presence of NaN values).
+            # Note this is not needed in the case that the output time index is
+            # a DatetimeIndex, since DatetimeIndexes can handle NaN values.
+            out[dim] = CFTimeIndex(out[dim].data)
+
     if missing is not None:
         time_target = date_range_like(time, calendar=calendar, use_cftime=use_cftime)
         out = out.reindex({dim: time_target}, fill_value=missing)

xarray/coding/times.py

@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@
 )
 from xarray.core import indexing
 from xarray.core.common import contains_cftime_datetimes, is_np_datetime_like
-from xarray.core.duck_array_ops import asarray
+from xarray.core.duck_array_ops import asarray, ravel, reshape
 from xarray.core.formatting import first_n_items, format_timestamp, last_item
 from xarray.core.pdcompat import nanosecond_precision_timestamp
 from xarray.core.utils import emit_user_level_warning
@@ -315,7 +315,7 @@ def decode_cf_datetime(
     cftime.num2date
     """
     num_dates = np.asarray(num_dates)
-    flat_num_dates = num_dates.ravel()
+    flat_num_dates = ravel(num_dates)
     if calendar is None:
         calendar = "standard"
 
@@ -348,7 +348,7 @@ def decode_cf_datetime(
     else:
         dates = _decode_datetime_with_pandas(flat_num_dates, units, calendar)
 
-    return dates.reshape(num_dates.shape)
+    return reshape(dates, num_dates.shape)
 
 
 def to_timedelta_unboxed(value, **kwargs):
@@ -369,8 +369,8 @@ def decode_cf_timedelta(num_timedeltas, units: str) -> np.ndarray:
     """
     num_timedeltas = np.asarray(num_timedeltas)
     units = _netcdf_to_numpy_timeunit(units)
-    result = to_timedelta_unboxed(num_timedeltas.ravel(), unit=units)
-    return result.reshape(num_timedeltas.shape)
+    result = to_timedelta_unboxed(ravel(num_timedeltas), unit=units)
+    return reshape(result, num_timedeltas.shape)
 
 
 def _unit_timedelta_cftime(units: str) -> timedelta:
@@ -428,7 +428,7 @@ def infer_datetime_units(dates) -> str:
     'hours', 'minutes' or 'seconds' (the first one that can evenly divide all
     unique time deltas in `dates`)
     """
-    dates = np.asarray(dates).ravel()
+    dates = ravel(np.asarray(dates))
     if np.asarray(dates).dtype == "datetime64[ns]":
         dates = to_datetime_unboxed(dates)
         dates = dates[pd.notnull(dates)]
@@ -456,7 +456,7 @@ def infer_timedelta_units(deltas) -> str:
     {'days', 'hours', 'minutes' 'seconds'} (the first one that can evenly
     divide all unique time deltas in `deltas`)
     """
-    deltas = to_timedelta_unboxed(np.asarray(deltas).ravel())
+    deltas = to_timedelta_unboxed(ravel(np.asarray(deltas)))
     unique_timedeltas = np.unique(deltas[pd.notnull(deltas)])
     return _infer_time_units_from_diff(unique_timedeltas)
 
@@ -643,7 +643,7 @@ def encode_datetime(d):
         except TypeError:
             return np.nan if d is None else cftime.date2num(d, units, calendar)
 
-    return np.array([encode_datetime(d) for d in dates.ravel()]).reshape(dates.shape)
+    return reshape(np.array([encode_datetime(d) for d in ravel(dates)]), dates.shape)
 
 
 def cast_to_int_if_safe(num) -> np.ndarray:
@@ -753,7 +753,7 @@ def _eagerly_encode_cf_datetime(
         # Wrap the dates in a DatetimeIndex to do the subtraction to ensure
         # an OverflowError is raised if the ref_date is too far away from
         # dates to be encoded (GH 2272).
-        dates_as_index = pd.DatetimeIndex(dates.ravel())
+        dates_as_index = pd.DatetimeIndex(ravel(dates))
         time_deltas = dates_as_index - ref_date
 
         # retrieve needed units to faithfully encode to int64
@@ -791,7 +791,7 @@ def _eagerly_encode_cf_datetime(
                 floor_division = True
 
         num = _division(time_deltas, time_delta, floor_division)
-        num = num.values.reshape(dates.shape)
+        num = reshape(num.values, dates.shape)
 
     except (OutOfBoundsDatetime, OverflowError, ValueError):
         num = _encode_datetime_with_cftime(dates, units, calendar)
@@ -879,7 +879,7 @@ def _eagerly_encode_cf_timedelta(
         units = data_units
 
     time_delta = _time_units_to_timedelta64(units)
-    time_deltas = pd.TimedeltaIndex(timedeltas.ravel())
+    time_deltas = pd.TimedeltaIndex(ravel(timedeltas))
 
     # retrieve needed units to faithfully encode to int64
     needed_units = data_units
@@ -911,7 +911,7 @@ def _eagerly_encode_cf_timedelta(
             floor_division = True
 
     num = _division(time_deltas, time_delta, floor_division)
-    num = num.values.reshape(timedeltas.shape)
+    num = reshape(num.values, timedeltas.shape)
 
     if dtype is not None:
         num = _cast_to_dtype_if_safe(num, dtype)

xarray/coding/variables.py

@@ -516,10 +516,13 @@ def encode(self, variable: Variable, name: T_Name = None) -> Variable:
             dims, data, attrs, encoding = unpack_for_encoding(variable)
 
             pop_to(encoding, attrs, "_Unsigned")
-            signed_dtype = np.dtype(f"i{data.dtype.itemsize}")
+            # we need the on-disk type here
+            # trying to get it from encoding, resort to an int with the same precision as data.dtype if not available
+            signed_dtype = np.dtype(encoding.get("dtype", f"i{data.dtype.itemsize}"))
             if "_FillValue" in attrs:
-                new_fill = signed_dtype.type(attrs["_FillValue"])
-                attrs["_FillValue"] = new_fill
+                new_fill = np.array(attrs["_FillValue"])
+                # use view here to prevent OverflowError
+                attrs["_FillValue"] = new_fill.view(signed_dtype).item()
             data = duck_array_ops.astype(duck_array_ops.around(data), signed_dtype)
 
             return Variable(dims, data, attrs, encoding, fastpath=True)
@@ -535,10 +538,11 @@ def decode(self, variable: Variable, name: T_Name = None) -> Variable:
                 if unsigned == "true":
                     unsigned_dtype = np.dtype(f"u{data.dtype.itemsize}")
                     transform = partial(np.asarray, dtype=unsigned_dtype)
-                    data = lazy_elemwise_func(data, transform, unsigned_dtype)
                     if "_FillValue" in attrs:
-                        new_fill = unsigned_dtype.type(attrs["_FillValue"])
-                        attrs["_FillValue"] = new_fill
+                        new_fill = np.array(attrs["_FillValue"], dtype=data.dtype)
+                        # use view here to prevent OverflowError
+                        attrs["_FillValue"] = new_fill.view(unsigned_dtype).item()
+                    data = lazy_elemwise_func(data, transform, unsigned_dtype)
             elif data.dtype.kind == "u":
                 if unsigned == "false":
                     signed_dtype = np.dtype(f"i{data.dtype.itemsize}")

xarray/core/computation.py

@@ -1064,7 +1064,7 @@ def apply_ufunc(
     supported:
 
     >>> magnitude(3, 4)
-    5.0
+    np.float64(5.0)
     >>> magnitude(3, np.array([0, 4]))
     array([3., 5.])
     >>> magnitude(array, 0)
@@ -1587,15 +1587,6 @@ def cross(
     array([-3,  6, -3])
     Dimensions without coordinates: dim_0
 
-    Vector cross-product with 2 dimensions, returns in the perpendicular
-    direction:
-
-    >>> a = xr.DataArray([1, 2])
-    >>> b = xr.DataArray([4, 5])
-    >>> xr.cross(a, b, dim="dim_0")
-    <xarray.DataArray ()> Size: 8B
-    array(-3)
-
     Vector cross-product with 3 dimensions but zeros at the last axis
     yields the same results as with 2 dimensions:
 
@@ -1606,42 +1597,6 @@ def cross(
     array([ 0,  0, -3])
     Dimensions without coordinates: dim_0
 
-    One vector with dimension 2:
-
-    >>> a = xr.DataArray(
-    ...     [1, 2],
-    ...     dims=["cartesian"],
-    ...     coords=dict(cartesian=(["cartesian"], ["x", "y"])),
-    ... )
-    >>> b = xr.DataArray(
-    ...     [4, 5, 6],
-    ...     dims=["cartesian"],
-    ...     coords=dict(cartesian=(["cartesian"], ["x", "y", "z"])),
-    ... )
-    >>> xr.cross(a, b, dim="cartesian")
-    <xarray.DataArray (cartesian: 3)> Size: 24B
-    array([12, -6, -3])
-    Coordinates:
-      * cartesian  (cartesian) <U1 12B 'x' 'y' 'z'
-
-    One vector with dimension 2 but coords in other positions:
-
-    >>> a = xr.DataArray(
-    ...     [1, 2],
-    ...     dims=["cartesian"],
-    ...     coords=dict(cartesian=(["cartesian"], ["x", "z"])),
-    ... )
-    >>> b = xr.DataArray(
-    ...     [4, 5, 6],
-    ...     dims=["cartesian"],
-    ...     coords=dict(cartesian=(["cartesian"], ["x", "y", "z"])),
-    ... )
-    >>> xr.cross(a, b, dim="cartesian")
-    <xarray.DataArray (cartesian: 3)> Size: 24B
-    array([-10,   2,   5])
-    Coordinates:
-      * cartesian  (cartesian) <U1 12B 'x' 'y' 'z'
-
     Multiple vector cross-products. Note that the direction of the
     cross product vector is defined by the right-hand rule: