[v24.3.x] Test datalake with recovery mode and disabled partitions

[vbotbuildovich]

Backport #24446 to branch v24.3.x. This issue was created as a placeholder because the original PR's commit(s) could not be automatically cherry-picked.
Here are the commands to execute:

git checkout v24.3.x
git checkout -b manual-backport-24446-v24.3.x-319
git cherry-pick -x 7cfbcb05d2 159a2722d7 80d3ac2076

git push origin manual-backport-24446-v24.3.x-319
gh pr create \
  --title "[v24.3.x] Test datalake with recovery mode and disabled partitions" \
  --base "v24.3.x" \
  --label "kind/backport" \
  --head "manual-backport-24446-v24.3.x-319" \
  --draft \
  --repo "redpanda-data/redpanda" \
  --milestone "v24.3.x-next" \
  --body "Backport of PR https://github.com/redpanda-data/redpanda/pull/24446 "

JIRA Link: [CORE-8542](https://redpandadata.atlassian.net/browse/CORE-8542)

[piyushredpanda]

Merged