…tors

* Choose test inputs more thoroughly and systematically.
* Check that `isqrt` and `checked_isqrt` have equivalent results for
  signed types, either equivalent numerically or equivalent as a panic
  and a `None`.
* Check that `isqrt` has numerically-equivalent results for unsigned
  types and their `NonZero` counterparts.
* Reuse `ilog10` benchmarks, plus benchmarks that use a uniform
  distribution.

* Use a lookup table for 8-bit integers and the Karatsuba square root
  algorithm for larger integers.
* Include optimization hints that give the compiler the exact numeric
  range of results.

Previously `libname.a` naming was supported as a fallback when producing rlibs, but not when producing executables or dynamic libraries

…er error messages

Improved `checked_isqrt` and `isqrt` methods

### Improved tests of `isqrt` and `checked_isqrt` implementations

* Inputs chosen more thoroughly and systematically.
* Checks that `isqrt` and `checked_isqrt` have equivalent results for signed types, either equivalent numerically or equivalent as a panic and a `None`.
* Checks that `isqrt` has numerically-equivalent results for unsigned types and their `NonZero` counterparts.

### Added benchmarks for `isqrt` implementations

### Greatly sped up `checked_isqrt` and `isqrt` methods

* Uses a lookup table for 8-bit integers and then the Karatsuba square root algorithm for larger integers.
* Includes optimization hints that give the compiler the exact numeric range of results.

### Feature tracking issue

`isqrt` is an unstable feature tracked at rust-lang#116226.

<details><summary>Benchmarked improvements</summary>

### Command used to benchmark

    ./x bench library/core -- int_sqrt

### Before

    benchmarks:
        num::int_sqrt::i128::isqrt           439591.65/iter  +/- 6652.70
        num::int_sqrt::i16::isqrt              5302.97/iter   +/- 160.93
        num::int_sqrt::i32::isqrt             62999.11/iter  +/- 2022.05
        num::int_sqrt::i64::isqrt            125248.81/iter  +/- 1674.43
        num::int_sqrt::i8::isqrt                123.56/iter     +/- 1.87
        num::int_sqrt::isize::isqrt          125356.56/iter  +/- 1017.03
        num::int_sqrt::non_zero_u128::isqrt  437443.75/iter  +/- 3535.43
        num::int_sqrt::non_zero_u16::isqrt     8604.58/iter    +/- 94.76
        num::int_sqrt::non_zero_u32::isqrt    62933.33/iter   +/- 517.30
        num::int_sqrt::non_zero_u64::isqrt   125076.38/iter +/- 11340.61
        num::int_sqrt::non_zero_u8::isqrt       221.51/iter     +/- 1.58
        num::int_sqrt::non_zero_usize::isqrt 136005.21/iter  +/- 2020.35
        num::int_sqrt::u128::isqrt           439014.55/iter  +/- 3920.45
        num::int_sqrt::u16::isqrt              8575.08/iter   +/- 148.06
        num::int_sqrt::u32::isqrt             63008.89/iter   +/- 803.67
        num::int_sqrt::u64::isqrt            125088.09/iter   +/- 879.29
        num::int_sqrt::u8::isqrt                230.18/iter     +/- 2.04
        num::int_sqrt::usize::isqrt          125237.51/iter  +/- 4747.83
### After

    benchmarks:
        num::int_sqrt::i128::isqrt           105184.89/iter +/- 1171.38
        num::int_sqrt::i16::isqrt              1910.26/iter   +/- 78.50
        num::int_sqrt::i32::isqrt             34260.34/iter  +/- 960.84
        num::int_sqrt::i64::isqrt             45939.19/iter +/- 2525.65
        num::int_sqrt::i8::isqrt                 22.87/iter    +/- 0.45
        num::int_sqrt::isize::isqrt           45884.17/iter  +/- 595.49
        num::int_sqrt::non_zero_u128::isqrt  106344.27/iter  +/- 780.99
        num::int_sqrt::non_zero_u16::isqrt     2790.19/iter   +/- 53.43
        num::int_sqrt::non_zero_u32::isqrt    33613.99/iter  +/- 362.96
        num::int_sqrt::non_zero_u64::isqrt    46235.42/iter  +/- 429.69
        num::int_sqrt::non_zero_u8::isqrt        31.78/iter    +/- 0.75
        num::int_sqrt::non_zero_usize::isqrt  46208.75/iter  +/- 375.27
        num::int_sqrt::u128::isqrt           106385.94/iter +/- 1649.95
        num::int_sqrt::u16::isqrt              2747.69/iter   +/- 28.72
        num::int_sqrt::u32::isqrt             33627.09/iter  +/- 475.68
        num::int_sqrt::u64::isqrt             46182.29/iter  +/- 311.16
        num::int_sqrt::u8::isqrt                 33.10/iter    +/- 0.30
        num::int_sqrt::usize::isqrt           46165.00/iter  +/- 388.41

</details>

…celinval

Add an ability to convert between `Span` and `visit::Location`

AFAIK, there is no way to create a `Location` from a `Span` because its only field is private. This makes it impossible to use visitor methods like `visit_statement` or `visit_terminator`.

This PR adds an implementation for`From<Span>` for `Location` to fix this.

r? `@celinval`

linker: Synchronize native library search in rustc and linker

Also search for static libraries with alternative naming (`libname.a`) on MSVC when producing executables or dynamic libraries, and not just rlibs.

This unblocks rust-lang#123436.

try-job: x86_64-msvc

…ax-pointee, r=compiler-errors

derive(SmartPointer): assume pointee from the single generic and better error messages

Fix rust-lang#129465

Actually RFC says that `#[pointee]` can be inferred when there is no ambiguity, or there is only one generic type parameter so to say.

cc `@Darksonn`

r? `@compiler-errors`

…adrieril

format code in tests/ui/threads-sendsync

was thinking of fixing formatting for 1 test in the directory, but found a bunch of them to also be in need

Don't use `TyKind` in a lint

Allows us to remove an inherent method from `TyKind` from the type ir crate.

Update books

## rust-lang/book

4 commits in 04bc1396bb857f35b5dda1d773c9571e1f253304..e7d217be2a75ef1753f0988d6ccaba4d7e376259
2024-08-14 01:19:47 UTC to 2024-08-13 16:51:00 UTC

- Backport/forward port ch12 (rust-lang/book#4008)
- Found some more things to fix in ch7; I forgot to update the snapshot (rust-lang/book#4007)
- Remove redundant sentence. Send to nostarch (rust-lang/book#4006)
- Fix: typo (rust-lang/book#4003)

## rust-lang/edition-guide

5 commits in aeeb287d41a0332c210da122bea8e0e91844ab3e..eeba2cb9c37ab74118a4fb5e5233f7397e4a91f8
2024-08-19 23:28:06 UTC to 2024-08-15 15:12:33 UTC

- 2024: Add rustdoc combined doctests (rust-lang/edition-guide#320)
- Update for unsafe attributes stabilization (rust-lang/edition-guide#319)
- 2024: Add macro-fragment-specifiers. (rust-lang/edition-guide#312)
- Fix deprecated_safe_2024 link (rust-lang/edition-guide#317)
- Add 2024 unsafe functions (rust-lang/edition-guide#304)

## rust-embedded/book

1 commits in 019f3928d8b939ec71b63722dcc2e46330156441..ff5d61d56f11e1986bfa9652c6aff7731576c37d
2024-08-20 07:26:19 UTC to 2024-08-20 07:26:19 UTC

- Use aligned address to demonstrate HardFault (rust-embedded/book#374)

## rust-lang/nomicon

1 commits in 6ecf95c5f2bfa0e6314dfe282bf775fd1405f7e9..14649f15d232d509478206ee9ed5105641aa60d0
2024-08-14 14:49:09 UTC to 2024-08-14 14:49:09 UTC

- CI: Switch to merge queue (rust-lang/nomicon#459)

## rust-lang/reference

14 commits in 62cd0df95061ba0ac886333f5cd7f3012f149da1..0668397076da350c404dadcf07b6cbc433ad3743
2024-08-11 21:06:12 +0000 to 2024-08-27 21:47:20 +0000
- Update enum.md (rust-lang/reference#1354)
- Be consistent about how "Edition differences" is capitalized (rust-lang/reference#1586)
- Sync denied lints with upstream (rust-lang/reference#1589)
- const_eval: update for const-fn float stabilization (rust-lang/reference#1566)
- Add spec identifier syntax to destructors.md (rust-lang/reference#1571)
- Say that `pub(in path)` can't depend on `use` statements (rust-lang/reference#1559)
- bytes inside implicitly const-promoted expressions are immutable (rust-lang/reference#1554)
- Tweak `repr(transparent)` to mention requiring *at most* one non-1-ZST (rust-lang/reference#1568)
- operator expressions: add &raw (rust-lang/reference#1567)
- Rewrite the automatic std link translation, and switch to automatic links (rust-lang/reference#1578)
- Add some basic docs for unsafe attrs (rust-lang/reference#1539)
- don't capitalize Undefined Behavior (rust-lang/reference#1575)
- add the `const` operand to docs for inline assembly (rust-lang/reference#1556)
- Typo: 'a' to 'an' in type-coercions.md (rust-lang/reference#1572)

## rust-lang/rust-by-example

1 commits in 8f94061936e492159f4f6c09c0f917a7521893ff..859786c5bc99301bbc22fc631a5c2b341860da08
2024-08-26 10:30:48 UTC to 2024-08-26 10:30:48 UTC

- Update primitives.md with examples (rust-lang/rust-by-example#1878)

## rust-lang/rustc-dev-guide

7 commits in 43d83780db545a1ed6d45773312fc578987e3968..fa928a6d19e1666d8d811dfe3fd35cdad3b4e459
2024-08-26 14:46:50 UTC to 2024-08-12 21:07:49 UTC

- Fix x.py reference (rust-lang/rustc-dev-guide#2049)
- Update `stabilization_guide.md` (rust-lang/rustc-dev-guide#2034)
- Explain the internal `#[rustc_*]` TEST attributes used for debugging and inside tests (rust-lang/rustc-dev-guide#2046)
- missing char (rust-lang/rustc-dev-guide#2047)
- Replace direct http links to rustc-dev-guide.rust-lang.org (rust-lang/rustc-dev-guide#2044)
- Update index.html, 39. The MIR: fix typo (rust-lang/rustc-dev-guide#2043)
- Update LLVM docs (rust-lang/rustc-dev-guide#2039)

… r=dtolnay

Add fmt::Debug to sync::Weak<T, A>

Currently, `sync::Weak<T>` implements `Debug`, but `sync::Weak<T, A>` does not. This appears to be an oversight, as `rc::Weak<T, A>` implements `Debug`. (Note: `sync::Weak` is the weak for `Arc`, and `rc::Weak` is the weak for `Rc`.)

This PR adds the Debug trait for `sync::Weak<T, A>`. The issue was initially brought up here: rust-lang/wg-allocators#131

copysign with sign being a NaN can have non-portable results

Follow-up to rust-lang#129559.
Cc `@tgross35` `@beetrees`

There's no portable variant we can recommend instead here, is there? Something with a semantics like "if `sign` is a NaN, then return `self` unaltered, otherwise return `self` with the sign changed to that of `sign`"?

…ichaelwoerister

Move `'tcx` lifetime off of impl and onto methods for `CrateMetadataRef`

Unconstrained type and const variables are not allowed, but unconstrained lifetimes are. This is not very good style, though, and it leads to unnecessary captures of a lifetime in edition 2024 (not that it matters, but it does trigger the edition migration lint).

…path, r=onur-ozkan

Fix path to run clippy on rustdoc

Took me a while to find out that the path clippy expected was `src/tools/rustdoc` and not `src/librustdoc`. I think it makes more sense this way as most commands rely on source paths.

r? `@Kobzol`