Lets you know which imports to move in or out of type-checking blocks.
The plugin assumes that the imports you only use for type hinting are not required at runtime. When imports aren't strictly required at runtime, it means we can guard them.
Guarding imports provides 3 major benefits:
- 🔧 It reduces import circularity issues,
- 🧹 It organizes imports, and
- 🚀 It completely eliminates the overhead of type hint imports at runtime
Essentially, this code:
import pandas # 15mb library
x: pandas.DataFramebecomes this:
from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
if TYPE_CHECKING:
import pandas # <-- no longer imported at runtime
x: "pandas.DataFrame"More examples can be found in the examples section.
If you're using pydantic, fastapi, cattrs, or injector see the configuration for how to enable support.
The plugin will:
- Tell you when an import should be moved into a type-checking block
- Tell you when an import should be moved out again
And depending on which error code range you've opted into, it will tell you
- Whether you need to add a
from __future__ import annotationsimport - Whether you need to quote an annotation
- Whether you can unquote a quoted annotation
| Code | Description |
|---|---|
| TC001 | Move application import into a type-checking block |
| TC002 | Move third-party import into a type-checking block |
| TC003 | Move built-in import into a type-checking block |
| TC004 | Move import out of type-checking block. Import is used for more than type hinting. |
| TC005 | Found empty type-checking block |
| TC006 | Annotation in typing.cast() should be a string literal |
| TC007 | Type alias needs to be made into a string literal |
| TC008 | Type alias does not need to be a string literal |
| TC009 | Move declaration out of type-checking block. Variable is used for more than type hinting. |
| TC010 | Operands for | cannot be a string literal |
You need to choose whether to opt-into using the
TC100- or the TC200-range of error codes.
They represent two different ways of solving the same problem, so please only choose one.
TC100 and TC101 manage forward references by taking advantage of
postponed evaluation of annotations.
| Code | Description |
|---|---|
| TC100 | Add 'from __future__ import annotations' import |
| TC101 | Annotation does not need to be a string literal |
TC200 and TC201 manage forward references using string literals.
| Code | Description |
|---|---|
| TC200 | Annotation needs to be made into a string literal |
| TC201 | Annotation does not need to be a string literal |
Add TC and TC1 or TC2 to your flake8 config like this:
[flake8]
max-line-length = 80
max-complexity = 12
...
ignore = E501
# You can use 'extend-select' (new in flake8 v4):
extend-select = TC, TC2
# OR 'select':
select = C,E,F..., TC, TC2 # or TC1
# OR 'enable-extensions':
enable-extensions = TC, TC2 # or TC1If you are unsure which TC range to pick, see the rationale for more info.
pip install flake8-type-checkingThese options are configurable, and can be set in your flake8 config.
If you re-export typing or typing_extensions members from a compatibility
module, you will need to specify them here in order for inference to work
correctly for special forms like Literal or Annotated.
If you use relative imports for the compatibility module in your code-base you will need to add separate entries for each kind of relative import you use.
- setting name:
type-checking-typing-modules - type:
list
[flake8]
type-checking-typing-modules = mylib.compat, .compat, ..compat # default []If you wish to exempt certain modules from needing to be moved into type-checking blocks, you can specify which modules to ignore.
- setting name:
type-checking-exempt-modules - type:
list
[flake8]
type-checking-exempt-modules = typing_extensions # default []The plugin, by default, will report TC00[1-3] errors for imports if there aren't already other imports from the same module. When there are other imports from the same module, the import circularity and performance benefits no longer apply from guarding an import.
When strict mode is enabled, the plugin will flag all imports that can be moved.
- setting name:
type-checking-strict - type:
bool
[flake8]
type-checking-strict = true # default falseThe plugin, by default, will only report a TC100 error, if annotations contain references to typing only symbols. If you want to enforce a more consistent style and use a future import in every file that makes use of annotations, you can enable this setting.
When force-future-annotation is enabled, the plugin will flag all
files that contain annotations but not future import.
- setting name:
type-checking-force-future-annotation - type:
bool
[flake8]
type-checking-force-future-annotation = true # default falseIf you use Pydantic models in your code, you should enable Pydantic support. This will treat any class variable annotation as being needed during runtime.
- name:
type-checking-pydantic-enabled - type:
bool
[flake8]
type-checking-pydantic-enabled = true # default falseDisabling checks for all class annotations is a little aggressive.
If you feel comfortable that all base classes named, e.g., NamedTuple are not Pydantic models,
then you can pass the names of the base classes in this setting, to re-enable checking for classes
which inherit from them.
- name:
type-checking-pydantic-enabled-baseclass-passlist - type:
list
[flake8]
type-checking-pydantic-enabled-baseclass-passlist = NamedTuple, TypedDict # default []If you're using the plugin for a FastAPI project, you should enable support. This will treat the annotations of any decorated function as needed at runtime.
Enabling FastAPI support will also enable Pydantic support.
- name:
type-checking-fastapi-enabled - type:
bool
[flake8]
type-checking-fastapi-enabled = true # default falseOne more thing to note for FastAPI users is that dependencies
(functions used in Depends) will produce false positives, unless
you enable dependency support as described below.
In addition to preventing false positives for decorators, we can prevent false positives for dependencies. We are making a pretty bad trade-off however: by enabling this option we treat every annotation in every function definition across your entire project as a possible dependency annotation. In other words, we stop linting all function annotations completely, to avoid the possibility of false positives. If you prefer to be on the safe side, you should enable this - otherwise it might be enough to be aware that false positives can happen for functions used as dependencies.
Enabling dependency support will also enable FastAPI and Pydantic support.
- name:
type-checking-fastapi-dependency-support-enabled - type:
bool
[flake8]
type-checking-fastapi-dependency-support-enabled = true # default falseIf you're using SQLAlchemy 2.0+, you can enable support.
This will treat any Mapped[...] types as needed at runtime.
It will also specially treat the enclosed type, since it may or may not
need to be available at runtime depending on whether or not the enclosed
type is a model or not, since models can have circular dependencies.
- name:
type-checking-sqlalchemy-enabled - type:
bool
type-checking-sqlalchemy-enabled = true # default falseSince it's possible to create subclasses of sqlalchemy.orm.Mapped that
define some custom behavior for the mapped attribute, but otherwise still
behave like any other mapped attribute, i.e. the same runtime restrictions
apply it's possible to provide additional dotted names that should be treated
like subclasses of Mapped. By default we check for sqlalchemy.orm.Mapped,
sqlalchemy.orm.DynamicMapped and sqlalchemy.orm.WriteOnlyMapped.
If there's more than one import path for the same Mapped subclass, then you
need to specify each of them as a separate dotted name.
- name:
type-checking-sqlalchemy-mapped-dotted-names - type:
list
type-checking-sqlalchemy-mapped-dotted-names = a.MyMapped, a.b.MyMapped # default []If you're using the plugin in a project which uses cattrs,
you can enable support. This will treat the annotations
of any decorated attrs class as needed at runtime, since
cattrs.unstructure calls will fail when loading
classes where types are not available at runtime.
Note: the cattrs support setting does not yet detect and ignore class var annotations on dataclasses or other non-attrs class types. This can be added in the future if needed.
- name:
type-checking-cattrs-enabled - type:
bool
[flake8]
type-checking-cattrs-enabled = true # default falseIf you're using the injector library, you can enable support.
This will treat any Inject[Dependency] types as needed at runtime.
- name:
type-checking-injector-enabled - type:
bool
type-checking-injector-enabled = true # default falseWhy did we create this plugin?
Good type hinting typically requires a lot of project imports, which can increase
the risk of import cycles
in a project. The recommended way of preventing this problem is to use typing.TYPE_CHECKING blocks
to guard these types of imports. In particular, TC001 helps protect against this issue.
Once imports are guarded, they will no longer be evaluated/imported during runtime. The consequence of this is that these imports can no longer be treated as if they were imported outside the block. Instead we need to use forward references.
For Python version >= 3.7, there are actually two ways of solving this issue.
You can either make your annotations string literals, or you can use a __futures__ import to enable postponed evaluation of annotations.
See this excellent stackoverflow answer
for a great explanation of the differences.
Performance example
Imports for type hinting can have a performance impact.
import pandas
def dataframe_length(df: pandas.DataFrame) -> int:
return len(df)In this example, we import a 15mb library, for a single type hint.
We don't need to perform this operation at runtime, at all. If we know that the import will not otherwise be needed by surrounding code, we can simply guard it, like this:
from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
if TYPE_CHECKING:
import pandas # <-- no longer imported at runtime
def dataframe_length(df: "pandas.DataFrame") -> int:
return len(df)Now the import is no longer made at runtime. If you're unsure about how this works, see the mypy docs for a basic introduction.
Import circularity example
Bad code
models/a.py
from models.b import B
class A(Model):
def foo(self, b: B): ...models/b.py
from models.a import A
class B(Model):
def bar(self, a: A): ...Will result in these errors
>> a.py: TC002 Move third-party import 'models.b.B' into a type-checking block
>> b.py: TC002 Move third-party import 'models.a.A' into a type-checking blockand consequently trigger these errors if imports are purely moved into type-checking block, without proper forward reference handling
>> a.py: TC100 Add 'from __future__ import annotations' import
>> b.py: TC100 Add 'from __future__ import annotations' importor
>> a.py: TC200 Annotation 'B' needs to be made into a string literal
>> b.py: TC200 Annotation 'A' needs to be made into a string literalGood code
models/a.py
# TC1
from __future__ import annotations
from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
if TYPE_CHECKING:
from models.b import B
class A(Model):
def foo(self, b: B): ...or
# TC2
from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
if TYPE_CHECKING:
from models.b import B
class A(Model):
def foo(self, b: 'B'): ...models/b.py
# TC1
from __future__ import annotations
from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
if TYPE_CHECKING:
from models.a import A
class B(Model):
def bar(self, a: A): ...or
# TC2
from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
if TYPE_CHECKING:
from models.a import A
class B(Model):
def bar(self, a: 'A'): ...Examples from the wild
Here are a few examples of public projects that use flake8-type-checking:
You can run this flake8 plugin as a pre-commit hook:
- repo: https://github.com/pycqa/flake8
rev: 4.0.1
hooks:
- id: flake8
additional_dependencies:
- flake8-type-checkingPlease feel free to open an issue or a PR 👏
