Inspired by 30 seconds of code, this is a collection of reusable tested copy-pasteable Java 17 compatible code snippets that you can understand in 30 seconds or less. If you're interested in contributing to this library, please see the instructions.
public static void mergeSort(int arr[], int low, int high){
if(low>=high){
return;
}
int mid = (low+high)/2;
mergeSort(arr, low, mid);
mergeSort(arr, mid+1, high);
merge(arr, low, high, mid);
}
private static void merge(int[] arr, int low, int high, int mid) {
int temp[] = new int[(high-low+1)];
int i = low;
int j = mid+1;
int k = 0;
while(i<=mid && j<=high){
if(arr[i]<arr[j]){
temp[k++] = arr[i];
i++;
}
else{
temp[k++] = arr[j];
j++;
}
}
while(i<=mid){
temp[k++] = arr[i];
i++;
}
while(j<=high){
temp[k++] = arr[j];
j++;
}
for(int m=0, n=low; m<temp.length; m++, n++){
arr[n] = temp[m];
}
} public static void quickSort(int[] arr, int left, int right) {
var pivotIndex = left + (right - left) / 2;
var pivotValue = arr[pivotIndex];
var i = left;
var j = right;
while (i <= j) {
while (arr[i] < pivotValue) {
i++;
}
while (arr[j] > pivotValue) {
j--;
}
if (i <= j) {
var tmp = arr[i];
arr[i] = arr[j];
arr[j] = tmp;
i++;
j--;
}
if (left < i) {
quickSort(arr, left, j);
}
if (right > i) {
quickSort(arr, i, right);
}
}
} public static void bubbleSort(int[] arr) {
var lastIndex = arr.length - 1;
for(var j = 0; j < lastIndex; j++) {
for(var i = 0; i < lastIndex - j; i++) {
if(arr[i] > arr[i + 1]) {
var tmp = arr[i];
arr[i] = arr[i + 1];
arr[i + 1] = tmp;
}
}
}
} public static void selectionSort(int[] arr) {
var len = arr.length;
for (var i = 0; i < len - 1; i++) {
var minIndex = i;
for (var j = i + 1; j < len; j++) {
if(arr[j] < arr[minIndex])
minIndex = j;
}
var tmp = arr[minIndex];
arr[minIndex] = arr[i];
arr[i] = tmp;
}
} public static void insertionSort(int[] arr) {
for (var i = 1; i < arr.length; i++) {
var tmp = arr[i];
var j = i - 1;
while (j >= 0 && arr[j] > tmp) {
arr[j + 1] = arr[j];
j--;
}
arr[j + 1] = tmp;
}
} public static void countingSort(int[] arr) {
var max = Arrays.stream(arr).max().getAsInt();
var count = new int[max + 1];
for (var num : arr) {
count[num]++;
}
for (var i = 1; i <= max; i++) {
count[i] += count[i - 1];
}
var sorted = new int[arr.length];
for (var i = arr.length - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
var cur = arr[i];
sorted[count[cur] - 1] = cur;
count[cur]--;
}
var index = 0;
for (var num : sorted) {
arr[index++] = num;
}
} public static int[] cycleSort(int[] arr) {
int n = arr.length;
int i = 0;
while (i < n) {
int correctpos = arr[i] - 1;
if (arr[i] < n && arr[i] != arr[correctpos]) {
int temp = arr[i];
arr[i] = arr[correctpos];
arr[correctpos] = temp;
} else {
i++;
}
}
return arr;
} public static int linearSearch(int[] arr, int item) {
for (int i = 0; i < arr.length; i++) {
if (item == arr[i]) {
return i;
}
}
return -1;
} public static int binarySearch(int[] arr,int left, int right, int item) {
// Array arr[] must be sorted
if (right >= left) {
int mid = left + (right - left) / 2;
if (arr[mid] == item) {
return mid;
}
if (arr[mid] > item) {
return binarySearch(arr, left, mid - 1, item);
}
return binarySearch(arr, mid + 1, right, item);
}
return -1;
} public static boolean[] sieveOfEratosthenes(int n) {
boolean[] isPrime = new boolean[n + 1];
for (int i = 0; i < isPrime.length; i++) {
isPrime[i] = true;
}
for (int i = 2; i * i <= n; i++) {
if (isPrime[i] == true) {
for (int j = i * i; j <= n; j += i) {
isPrime[j] = false;
}
}
}
return isPrime;
} public static <T> T[] arrayConcat(T[] first, T[] second) {
var result = Arrays.copyOf(first, first.length + second.length);
System.arraycopy(second, 0, result, first.length, second.length);
return result;
} public static <T> T[] nArrayConcat(T[] first, T[]... rest) {
var totalLength = first.length;
for (var array : rest) {
totalLength += array.length;
}
var result = Arrays.copyOf(first, totalLength);
var offset = first.length;
for (var array : rest) {
System.arraycopy(array, 0, result, offset, array.length);
offset += array.length;
}
return result;
} public static <T> boolean allEqual(T[] arr) {
return Arrays.stream(arr).distinct().count() == 1;
} public static double arrayMean(int[] arr) {
return (double) Arrays.stream(arr).sum() / arr.length;
} public static double arrayMedian(int[] arr) {
Arrays.sort(arr);
var mid = arr.length / 2;
return arr.length % 2 != 0 ? (double) arr[mid] : (double) (arr[mid] + arr[mid - 1]) / 2;
} public static int arraySum(int[] arr) {
return Arrays.stream(arr).sum();
} public static int findMax(int[] arr) {
return Arrays.stream(arr).reduce(Integer.MIN_VALUE, Integer::max);
} public static int findMin(int[] arr) {
return Arrays.stream(arr).reduce(Integer.MAX_VALUE, Integer::min);
} public static <T> T[] reverseArray(T[] array, int start, int end) {
if (start > end || array == null) {
throw new
IllegalArgumentException("Invalid argument!");
}
int minimumSizeArrayForReversal = 2;
if (start == end || array.length < minimumSizeArrayForReversal) {
return array;
}
while (start < end) {
T temp = array[start];
array[start] = array[end];
array[end] = temp;
start++;
end--;
}
return array;
} public static String encodeBase64(String input) {
return Base64.getEncoder().encodeToString(input.getBytes());
} public static String decodeBase64(String input) {
return new String(Base64.getDecoder().decode(input.getBytes()));
} public static File[] listDirectories(String path) {
return new File(path).listFiles(File::isDirectory);
} public static File[] listFilesInDirectory(final File folder) {
return folder.listFiles(File::isFile);
} public static List<File> listAllFiles(String path) {
var all = new ArrayList<File>();
var list = new File(path).listFiles();
if (list != null) { // In case of access error, list is null
for (var f : list) {
if (f.isDirectory()) {
all.addAll(listAllFiles(f.getAbsolutePath()));
} else {
all.add(f.getAbsoluteFile());
}
}
}
return all;
} public static List<String> readLines(String filename) throws IOException {
return Files.readAllLines(new File(filename).toPath());
} public static void zipFile(String srcFilename, String zipFilename) throws IOException {
var srcFile = new File(srcFilename);
try (
var fileOut = new FileOutputStream(zipFilename);
var zipOut = new ZipOutputStream(fileOut);
var fileIn = new FileInputStream(srcFile);
) {
var zipEntry = new ZipEntry(srcFile.getName());
zipOut.putNextEntry(zipEntry);
final var bytes = new byte[1024];
int length;
while ((length = fileIn.read(bytes)) >= 0) {
zipOut.write(bytes, 0, length);
}
}
} public static void zipFiles(String[] srcFilenames, String zipFilename) throws IOException {
try (
var fileOut = new FileOutputStream(zipFilename);
var zipOut = new ZipOutputStream(fileOut);
) {
for (var i=0; i<srcFilenames.length; i++) {
var srcFile = new File(srcFilenames[i]);
try (var fileIn = new FileInputStream(srcFile)) {
var zipEntry = new ZipEntry(srcFile.getName());
zipOut.putNextEntry(zipEntry);
final var bytes = new byte[1024];
int length;
while ((length = fileIn.read(bytes)) >= 0) {
zipOut.write(bytes, 0, length);
}
}
}
}
} public static void zipDirectory (String srcDirectoryName, String zipFileName) throws IOException {
var srcDirectory = new File(srcDirectoryName);
try (
var fileOut = new FileOutputStream(zipFileName);
var zipOut = new ZipOutputStream(fileOut)
) {
zipFile(srcDirectory, srcDirectory.getName(), zipOut);
}
}
public static void zipFile(File fileToZip, String fileName, ZipOutputStream zipOut)
throws IOException {
if (fileToZip.isHidden()) { // Ignore hidden files as standard
return;
}
if (fileToZip.isDirectory()) {
if (fileName.endsWith("/")) {
zipOut.putNextEntry(new ZipEntry(fileName)); // To be zipped next
zipOut.closeEntry();
} else {
// Add the "/" mark explicitly to preserve structure while unzipping action is performed
zipOut.putNextEntry(new ZipEntry(fileName + "/"));
zipOut.closeEntry();
}
var children = fileToZip.listFiles();
for (var childFile : children) { // Recursively apply function to all children
zipFile(childFile, fileName + "/" + childFile.getName(), zipOut);
}
return;
}
try (
var fis = new FileInputStream(fileToZip) // Start zipping once we know it is a file
) {
var zipEntry = new ZipEntry(fileName);
zipOut.putNextEntry(zipEntry);
var bytes = new byte[1024];
var length = 0;
while ((length = fis.read(bytes)) >= 0) {
zipOut.write(bytes, 0, length);
}
}
} /**
* converts binary to decimal
* @param n number
*/
public static void binaryToDecimal(int n) {
String s = reverse(Integer.toString(n));
int decimal=0;
for (int i = 0; i < s.length(); i++) {
char ch = s.charAt(i);
if(ch=='1') {
decimal += Math.pow(2, i);
}
}
System.out.println(decimal);
} /**
* converts decimal to binary
* @param n number
*/
public static void decimalToBinary(int n) {
int d;
String dec="";
while(n!=0) {
d = n%2;
dec += Integer.toString(d);
n /= 2;
}
String binary = reverse(dec);
System.out.println(binary);
} public static int fibonacci(int n) {
if (n <= 1) {
return n;
} else {
return fibonacci(n - 1) + fibonacci(n - 2);
}
} public static int iterativeFibonacci(int number) {
List<Integer> list = new ArrayList<>();
list.add(0);
list.add(1);
for (int i = 2; i < number + 1; i++) {
list.add(list.get(i - 2) + list.get(i - 1));
}
return list.get(number);
} public static int factorial(int number) {
var result = 1;
for (var factor = 2; factor <= number; factor++) {
result *= factor;
}
return result;
} public static int recursiveFactorial(int number) {
var initial = 0;
if (number == initial) {
return initial + 1;
}
return number * recursiveFactorial(number - 1);
} // Radius of sphere on which the points are, in this case Earth.
private static final double SPHERE_RADIUS_IN_KM = 6372.8;
public static double findHaversineDistance(double latA, double longA, double latB, double longB) {
if (!isValidLatitude(latA)
|| !isValidLatitude(latB)
|| !isValidLongitude(longA)
|| !isValidLongitude(longB)) {
throw new IllegalArgumentException();
}
// Calculate the latitude and longitude differences
var latitudeDiff = Math.toRadians(latB - latA);
var longitudeDiff = Math.toRadians(longB - longA);
var latitudeA = Math.toRadians(latA);
var latitudeB = Math.toRadians(latB);
// Calculating the distance as per haversine formula
var a = Math.pow(Math.sin(latitudeDiff / 2), 2)
+ Math.pow(Math.sin(longitudeDiff / 2), 2) * Math.cos(latitudeA) * Math.cos(latitudeB);
var c = 2 * Math.asin(Math.sqrt(a));
return SPHERE_RADIUS_IN_KM * c;
}
// Check for valid latitude value
private static boolean isValidLatitude(double latitude) {
return latitude >= -90 && latitude <= 90;
}
// Check for valid longitude value
private static boolean isValidLongitude(double longitude) {
return longitude >= -180 && longitude <= 180;
} public static Integer[] performLottery(int numNumbers, int numbersToPick) {
var numbers = new ArrayList<Integer>();
for(var i = 0; i < numNumbers; i++) {
numbers.add(i+1);
}
Collections.shuffle(numbers);
return numbers.subList(0, numbersToPick).toArray(new Integer[numbersToPick]);
}public static int calculateLuhnChecksum(long num) {
if (num < 0) {
throw new IllegalArgumentException("Non-negative numbers only.");
}
final var numStr = String.valueOf(num);
var sum = 0;
var isOddPosition = true;
// We loop on digits in numStr from right to left.
for (var i = numStr.length() - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
final var digit = Integer.parseInt(Character.toString(numStr.charAt(i)));
final var substituteDigit = (isOddPosition ? 2 : 1) * digit;
final var tensPlaceDigit = substituteDigit / 10;
final var onesPlaceDigit = substituteDigit % 10;
sum += tensPlaceDigit + onesPlaceDigit;
isOddPosition = !isOddPosition;
}
final var checksumDigit = (10 - (sum % 10)) % 10;
// Outermost modulus handles edge case `num = 0`.
return checksumDigit;
} public static int gcd(int a, int b) {
if (b == 0)
return a;
return gcd(b, a % b);
} public static int lcm(int a, int b) {
int max = a > b ? a : b;
int min = a < b ? a : b;
for (int i = 1; i <= min; i += 1) {
int prod = max * i;
if (prod % min == 0) {
return prod;
}
}
return max * min;
} public static boolean isPrime(int number) {
if (number < 3) {
return true;
}
// check if n is a multiple of 2
if (number % 2 == 0) {
return false;
}
// if not, then just check the odds
for (var i = 3; i * i <= number; i += 2) {
if (number % i == 0) {
return false;
}
}
return true;
} public static String toBinary(long naturalNumber) {
if (naturalNumber < 0) {
throw new NumberFormatException("Negative Integer, this snippet only accepts "
+ "positive integers");
}
if (naturalNumber == 0) {
return "0";
}
final Stack<Long> binaryBits =
Stream.iterate(naturalNumber, n -> n > 0, n -> n / 2).map(n -> n % 2)
.collect(Stack::new, Stack::push, Stack::addAll);
return Stream.generate(binaryBits::pop)
.limit(binaryBits.size()).map(String::valueOf).collect(Collectors.joining());
}
public static Long fromBinary(String binary) {
binary.chars().filter(c -> c != '0' && c != '1').findFirst().ifPresent(in -> {
throw new NumberFormatException(
"Binary string contains values other than '0' and '1'");
});
return IntStream.range(0, binary.length())
.filter(in -> binary.charAt(binary.length() - 1 - in) == '1')
.mapToLong(in -> ((long) 0b1) << in).sum();
}
final static int BASE = 400;
final static int RATING_ADJUSTMENT_FACTOR = 32;
public static double calculateMatchRating(double firstPlayerRating, double secondPlayerRating, double result) {
double ratingDiff = ((secondPlayerRating - firstPlayerRating) * 1.0) / BASE;
double logisticDiff = Math.pow(10, ratingDiff);
double firstPlayerExpectedScore = 1.0 / (1 + logisticDiff);
double firstPlayerActualScore = result;
double newRating = firstPlayerRating + RATING_ADJUSTMENT_FACTOR * (firstPlayerActualScore - firstPlayerExpectedScore);
return newRating;
} public static void captureScreen(String filename) throws AWTException, IOException {
var screenSize = Toolkit.getDefaultToolkit().getScreenSize();
var screenRectangle = new Rectangle(screenSize);
var robot = new Robot();
var image = robot.createScreenCapture(screenRectangle);
ImageIO.write(image, "png", new File(filename));
} public static HttpResponse<String> httpGet(String uri) throws Exception {
var client = HttpClient.newHttpClient();
var request = HttpRequest.newBuilder()
.uri(URI.create(uri))
.build();
return client.send(request, BodyHandlers.ofString());
} public static HttpResponse<String> httpPost(String address, HashMap<String,String> arguments)
throws IOException, InterruptedException {
var sj = new StringJoiner("&");
for(var entry : arguments.entrySet()) {
sj.add(URLEncoder.encode(entry.getKey(), "UTF-8") + "="
+ URLEncoder.encode(entry.getValue(), "UTF-8"));
}
var out = sj.toString().getBytes(StandardCharsets.UTF_8);
var request = HttpRequest.newBuilder()
.uri(URI.create(address))
.headers("Content-Type", "application/x-www-form-urlencoded; charset=UTF-8")
.POST(BodyPublishers.ofByteArray(out))
.build();
return HttpClient.newHttpClient().send(request, BodyHandlers.ofString());
} public static boolean isPalindrome(String s) {
for (int i = 0, j = s.length() - 1; i < j; i++, j--) {
while (i < j && !Character.isLetter(s.charAt(i))) {
i++;
}
while (i < j && !Character.isLetter(s.charAt(j))) {
j--;
}
if (Character.toLowerCase(s.charAt(i)) != Character.toLowerCase(s.charAt(j))) {
return false;
}
}
return true;
} public static String reverseString(String s) {
return new StringBuilder(s).reverse().toString();
} public static Date stringToDate(String date, String format) throws ParseException {
var simpleDateFormat = new SimpleDateFormat(format);
return simpleDateFormat.parse(date);
} public boolean isAnagram(String s1, String s2) {
var l1 = s1.length();
var l2 = s2.length();
var arr1 = new int[256];
var arr2 = new int[256];
if (l1 != l2) {
return false;
}
for (var i = 0; i < l1; i++) {
arr1[s1.charAt(i)]++;
arr2[s2.charAt(i)]++;
}
return Arrays.equals(arr1, arr2);
} public static int findLevenshteinDistance(String word1, String word2) {
// If word2 is empty, removing
int[][] ans = new int[word1.length() + 1][word2.length() + 1];
for (int i = 0; i <= word1.length(); i++) {
ans[i][0] = i;
}
// if word1 is empty, adding
for (int i = 0; i <= word2.length(); i++) {
ans[0][i] = i;
}
// None is empty
for (int i = 1; i <= word1.length(); i++) {
for (int j = 1; j <= word2.length(); j++) {
int min = Math.min(Math.min(ans[i][j - 1], ans[i - 1][j]), ans[i - 1][j - 1]);
ans[i][j] = word1.charAt(i - 1) == word2.charAt(j - 1) ? ans[i - 1][j - 1] : min + 1;
}
}
return ans[word1.length()][word2.length()];
} public static int compareVersion(String v1, String v2) {
Function<String, String[]> getVersionComponents = version -> version.replaceAll(".*?((?<!\\w)\\d+([.-]\\d+)*).*", "$1", "$1").split("\\.");
var components1 = getVersionComponents.apply(v1);
var components2 = getVersionComponents.apply(v2);
int length = Math.max(components1.length, components2.length);
for (int i = 0; i < length; i++) {
Integer c1 = i < components1.length ? Integer.parseInt(components1[i]) : 0;
Integer c2 = i < components2.length ? Integer.parseInt(components2[i]) : 0;
int result = c1.compareTo(c2);
if (result != 0) {
return result;
}
}
return 0;
} public static String getCommonLetters(String firstStr, String secondStr) {
Set<String> commonLetters = new HashSet<>();
for (Character currentCharacter : firstStr.toCharArray()) {
if (isCommonLetter(secondStr, currentCharacter)) {
commonLetters.add(currentCharacter.toString());
}
}
return String.join(" ", commonLetters);
}
private static boolean isCommonLetter(String str, Character character) {
return str.contains(character.toString()) && Character.isLetter(character);
} public static int getMaxCharacterCount(String str, char character) {
int characterCount = 0;
int maxCharacterCount = 0;
for (int i = 0; i < str.length(); i++) {
if ((str.charAt(i)) == character) {
characterCount++;
maxCharacterCount = Math.max(maxCharacterCount, characterCount);
} else {
characterCount = 0;
}
}
return maxCharacterCount;
} public static String removeDuplicateCharacters(String str) {
char[] charsOfStr = str.toCharArray();
Set<String> uniqueCharacters = new HashSet<>();
for (char character : charsOfStr) {
uniqueCharacters.add(String.valueOf(character));
}
return String.join("", uniqueCharacters);
} public static List<String> getAllMethods(final Class<?> cls) {
return Arrays.stream(cls.getDeclaredMethods())
.map(Method::getName)
.collect(Collectors.toList());
} public static List<String> getAllFieldNames(final Class<?> cls) {
return Arrays.stream(cls.getFields())
.map(Field::getName)
.collect(Collectors.toList());
} public static List<String> getAllFieldNames(final Class<?> cls) {
var fields = new ArrayList<String>();
var currentCls = cls;
while (currentCls != null) {
fields.addAll(
Arrays.stream(currentCls.getDeclaredFields())
.filter(field -> !field.isSynthetic())
.map(Field::getName)
.collect(Collectors.toList()));
currentCls = currentCls.getSuperclass();
}
return fields;
} public static Object createObject(String cls)
throws NoSuchMethodException,
IllegalAccessException,
InvocationTargetException,
InstantiationException,
ClassNotFoundException {
var objectClass = Class.forName(cls);
var objectConstructor = objectClass.getConstructor();
return objectConstructor.newInstance();
} public static List<String> readFile(String fileName) throws FileNotFoundException {
try (Stream<String> stream = new BufferedReader(new FileReader(fileName)).lines()) {
return stream.collect(Collectors.toList());
}
} public static String inputStreamToString(InputStream inputStream) throws IOException {
try (var reader = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(inputStream))) {
var stringBuilder = new StringBuilder();
var data = reader.read();
while (data != -1) {
stringBuilder.append((char) data);
data = reader.read();
}
return stringBuilder.toString();
}
} public static ExecutorService createFixedThreadPool() {
return Executors.newFixedThreadPool(Runtime.getRuntime().availableProcessors());
} public static Date addDaysToDate(Date date, int noOfDays){
if(date!=null){
Calendar cal = Calendar.getInstance();
cal.setTime(date);
cal.add(Calendar.DAY_OF_MONTH, noOfDays);
return cal.getTime();
}
return null;
} public static LocalDate addDaysToLocalDate(LocalDate date, long noOfDays){
return date!=null ? date.plusDays(noOfDays) : null;
} public static long getYearsDifference(LocalDate firstTime, LocalDate secondTime) {
var yearsDifference = ChronoUnit.YEARS.between(firstTime, secondTime);
return Math.abs(yearsDifference);
} public static long getMonthsDifference(LocalDate firstTime, LocalDate secondTime) {
var monthsDifference = ChronoUnit.MONTHS.between(firstTime, secondTime);
return Math.abs(monthsDifference);
} public static long getDaysDifference(LocalDate firstTime, LocalDate secondTime) {
var daysDifference = ChronoUnit.DAYS.between(firstTime, secondTime);
return Math.abs(daysDifference);
}