[Segment Cache] Implement behavior on cache miss

In the current navigation implementation, a partially dynamic navigation
always does two separate requests: one for the static data, and one for
the dynamic data. Typically the static data is prefetched before the
navigation begins, but even in the case where it is not, the current
implementation will still fetch it first. It then wait to send a dynamic
request until the first chunk is received from the prefetch response,
leading to an unfortunate request waterfall.

In the Segment Cache implementation, our plan is to never block a
navigation on prefetch data that isn't already populated in the cache.
Instead, in the case of a cache miss, we'll immediately start a dynamic
navigation and rely on the fact that the first thing the dynamic
response sends is the static PPR shell of the target page.

Because we'll always have this as a fallback behavior for cache misses,
it's a good starting point for the Segment Cache implementation. Then
we can start incrementally adding more and more features until we've
eventually reached/surpassed parity with the current implementation.

---

To avoid duplication of logic, I've chosen to model cache misses as a
special case of the normal static + dynamic flow. We can pretend that
the route tree returned by the dynamic request is, in fact, the result
of a prefetch. Then we use that same server response to write data into
the CacheNode tree. So it's the same flow as the "happy path", except we
use a single server response for both stages.

packages/next/src/client/components/router-reducer/reducers/navigate-reducer.ts

@@ -31,6 +31,10 @@ import {
 } from '../prefetch-cache-utils'
 import { clearCacheNodeDataForSegmentPath } from '../clear-cache-node-data-for-segment-path'
 import { handleAliasedPrefetchEntry } from '../aliased-prefetch-navigations'
+import {
+  navigate as navigateUsingSegmentCache,
+  NavigationResultTag,
+} from '../../segment-cache/navigation'
 
 export function handleExternalUrl(
   state: ReadonlyReducerState,
@@ -124,6 +128,60 @@ export function navigateReducer(
     return handleExternalUrl(state, mutable, href, pendingPush)
   }
 
+  if (process.env.__NEXT_PPR && process.env.__NEXT_CLIENT_SEGMENT_CACHE) {
+    // (Very Early Experimental Feature) Segment Cache
+    //
+    // Bypass the normal prefetch cache and use the new per-segment cache
+    // implementation instead. This is only supported if PPR is enabled, too.
+    //
+    // Temporary glue code between the router reducer and the new navigation
+    // implementation. Eventually we'll rewrite the router reducer to a
+    // state machine.
+    // TODO: Currently this always returns an async result, but in the future
+    // it will return a sync result if the navigation was prefetched. Hence
+    // a result type that's more complicated than you might expect.
+    const asyncResult = navigateUsingSegmentCache(
+      url,
+      state.cache,
+      state.tree,
+      state.nextUrl
+    )
+    return asyncResult.data.then(
+      (result) => {
+        switch (result.tag) {
+          case NavigationResultTag.MPA: {
+            // Perform an MPA navigation.
+            const newUrl = result.data
+            return handleExternalUrl(state, mutable, newUrl, pendingPush)
+          }
+          case NavigationResultTag.NoOp:
+            // The server responded with no change to the current page.
+            return handleMutable(state, mutable)
+          case NavigationResultTag.Success: {
+            // Received a new result.
+            mutable.cache = result.data.cacheNode
+            mutable.patchedTree = result.data.flightRouterState
+
+            // TODO: Not yet implemented
+            // mutable.canonicalUrl = updatedCanonicalUrl
+            // mutable.scrollableSegments = scrollableSegments
+            // mutable.hashFragment = hash
+            // mutable.shouldScroll = shouldScroll
+            return handleMutable(state, mutable)
+          }
+          default:
+            // eslint-disable-next-line @typescript-eslint/no-unused-vars
+            const _exhaustiveCheck: never = result
+            return state
+        }
+      },
+      // If the navigation failed, return the current state.
+      // TODO: This matches the current behavior but we need to do something
+      // better here if the network fails.
+      () => state
+    )
+  }
+
   const prefetchValues = getOrCreatePrefetchCacheEntry({
     url,
     nextUrl: state.nextUrl,

packages/next/src/client/components/segment-cache/navigation.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,258 @@
+import type {
+  FlightRouterState,
+  FlightSegmentPath,
+} from '../../../server/app-render/types'
+import type { CacheNode } from '../../../shared/lib/app-router-context.shared-runtime'
+import type { NormalizedFlightData } from '../../flight-data-helpers'
+import { fetchServerResponse } from '../router-reducer/fetch-server-response'
+import {
+  updateCacheNodeOnNavigation,
+  listenForDynamicRequest,
+} from '../router-reducer/ppr-navigations'
+
+export const enum NavigationResultTag {
+  MPA,
+  Success,
+  NoOp,
+  Async,
+}
+
+type MPANavigationResult = {
+  tag: NavigationResultTag.MPA
+  data: string
+}
+
+type NoOpNavigationResult = {
+  tag: NavigationResultTag.NoOp
+  data: null
+}
+
+type SuccessfulNavigationResult = {
+  tag: NavigationResultTag.Success
+  data: {
+    flightRouterState: FlightRouterState
+    cacheNode: CacheNode
+  }
+}
+
+type AsyncNavigationResult = {
+  tag: NavigationResultTag.Async
+  data: Promise<
+    MPANavigationResult | NoOpNavigationResult | SuccessfulNavigationResult
+  >
+}
+
+const noOpNavigationResult: NoOpNavigationResult = {
+  tag: NavigationResultTag.NoOp,
+  data: null,
+}
+
+/**
+ * Navigate to a new URL, using the Segment Cache to construct a response.
+ *
+ * To allow for synchronous navigations whenever possible, this is not an async
+ * function. It returns a promise only if there's no matching prefetch in
+ * the cache. Otherwise it returns an immediate result and uses Suspense/RSC to
+ * stream in any missing data.
+ */
+export function navigate(
+  url: URL,
+  currentCacheNode: CacheNode,
+  currentFlightRouterState: FlightRouterState,
+  nextUrl: string | null
+): AsyncNavigationResult {
+  // TODO: The Segment Cache is not yet implemented. As of now, when the
+  // experimental flag is enabled, every navigation goes straight to a dynamic
+  // request, no prefetching. This will be filled in with the real
+  // implementation later, but we'll still have this fallback for cases where
+  // there's no matching prefetch in the cache.
+
+  // Perform a fully dynamic navigation.
+  return {
+    tag: NavigationResultTag.Async,
+    data: navigateDynamicallyWithNoPrefetch(
+      url,
+      currentCacheNode,
+      currentFlightRouterState,
+      nextUrl
+    ),
+  }
+}
+
+async function navigateDynamicallyWithNoPrefetch(
+  url: URL,
+  currentCacheNode: CacheNode,
+  currentFlightRouterState: FlightRouterState,
+  nextUrl: string | null
+): Promise<
+  MPANavigationResult | SuccessfulNavigationResult | NoOpNavigationResult
+> {
+  // Runs when a navigation happens but there's no cached prefetch we can use.
+  // Don't bother to wait for a prefetch response; go straight to a full
+  // navigation that contains both static and dynamic data in a single stream.
+  // (This is unlike the old navigation implementation, which instead blocks
+  // the dynamic request until a prefetch request is received.)
+  //
+  // To avoid duplication of logic, we're going to pretend that the tree
+  // returned by the dynamic request is, in fact, a prefetch tree. Then we can
+  // use the same server response to write the actual data into the CacheNode
+  // tree. So it's the same flow as the "happy path" (prefetch, then
+  // navigation), except we use a single server response for both stages.
+
+  const promiseForDynamicServerResponse = fetchServerResponse(url, {
+    flightRouterState: currentFlightRouterState,
+    nextUrl,
+  })
+  const { flightData } = await promiseForDynamicServerResponse
+
+  // TODO: Detect if the only thing that changed was the hash, like we do in
+  // in navigateReducer
+
+  if (typeof flightData === 'string') {
+    // This is an MPA navigation.
+    const newUrl = flightData
+    return {
+      tag: NavigationResultTag.MPA,
+      data: newUrl,
+    }
+  }
+
+  // Since the response format of dynamic requests and prefetches is slightly
+  // different, we'll need to massage the data a bit. Create FlightRouterState
+  // tree that simulates what we'd receive as the result of a prefetch.
+  const prefetchFlightRouterState = simulatePrefetchTreeUsingDynamicTreePatch(
+    currentFlightRouterState,
+    flightData
+  )
+
+  // In our simulated prefetch payload, we pretend that there's no seed data
+  // nor a prefetch head.
+  const prefetchSeedData = null
+  const prefetchHead = null
+  const task = updateCacheNodeOnNavigation(
+    currentCacheNode,
+    currentFlightRouterState,
+    prefetchFlightRouterState,
+    prefetchSeedData,
+    prefetchHead
+  )
+
+  // Now we proceed exactly as we would for normal navigation.
+  if (task !== null) {
+    const newCacheNode = task.node
+    if (newCacheNode !== null) {
+      listenForDynamicRequest(task, promiseForDynamicServerResponse)
+    }
+    return {
+      tag: NavigationResultTag.Success,
+      data: {
+        flightRouterState: task.route,
+        cacheNode: newCacheNode !== null ? newCacheNode : currentCacheNode,
+      },
+    }
+  }
+
+  // The server sent back an empty tree patch. There's nothing to update.
+  return noOpNavigationResult
+}
+
+function simulatePrefetchTreeUsingDynamicTreePatch(
+  currentTree: FlightRouterState,
+  flightData: Array<NormalizedFlightData>
+): FlightRouterState {
+  // Takes the current FlightRouterState and applies the router state patch
+  // received from the server, to create a full FlightRouterState tree that we
+  // can pretend was returned by a prefetch.
+  //
+  // (It sounds similar to what applyRouterStatePatch does, but it doesn't need
+  // to handle stuff like interception routes or diffing since that will be
+  // handled later.)
+  let baseTree = currentTree
+  for (const { segmentPath, tree: treePatch } of flightData) {
+    // If the server sends us multiple tree patches, we only need to clone the
+    // base tree when applying the first patch. After the first patch, we can
+    // apply the remaining patches in place without copying.
+    const canMutateInPlace = baseTree === currentTree
+    simulatePrefetchTreeUsingDynamicTreePatchImpl(
+      baseTree,
+      treePatch,
+      segmentPath,
+      canMutateInPlace,
+      0
+    )
+  }
+
+  return baseTree
+}
+
+function simulatePrefetchTreeUsingDynamicTreePatchImpl(
+  baseRouterState: FlightRouterState,
+  patch: FlightRouterState,
+  segmentPath: FlightSegmentPath,
+  canMutateInPlace: boolean,
+  index: number
+) {
+  if (index === segmentPath.length) {
+    // We reached the part of the tree that we need to patch.
+    return patch
+  }
+
+  // segmentPath represents the parent path of subtree. It's a repeating
+  // pattern of parallel route key and segment:
+  //
+  //   [string, Segment, string, Segment, string, Segment, ...]
+  //
+  // This path tells us which part of the base tree to apply the tree patch.
+  //
+  // NOTE: In the case of a fully dynamic request with no prefetch, we receive
+  // the FlightRouterState patch in the same request as the dynamic data.
+  // Therefore we don't need to worry about diffing the segment values; we can
+  // assume the server sent us a correct result.
+  const updatedParallelRouteKey: string = segmentPath[index]
+  // const segment: Segment = segmentPath[index + 1] <-- Not used, see note above
+
+  const baseChildren = baseRouterState[1]
+  const newChildren: { [parallelRouteKey: string]: FlightRouterState } = {}
+  for (const parallelRouteKey in baseChildren) {
+    if (parallelRouteKey === updatedParallelRouteKey) {
+      const childBaseRouterState = baseChildren[parallelRouteKey]
+      newChildren[parallelRouteKey] =
+        simulatePrefetchTreeUsingDynamicTreePatchImpl(
+          childBaseRouterState,
+          patch,
+          segmentPath,
+          canMutateInPlace,
+          // Advance the index by two and keep cloning until we reach
+          // the end of the segment path.
+          index + 2
+        )
+    } else {
+      // This child is not being patched. Copy it over as-is.
+      newChildren[parallelRouteKey] = baseChildren[parallelRouteKey]
+    }
+  }
+
+  if (canMutateInPlace) {
+    // We can mutate the base tree in place, because the base tree is already
+    // a clone.
+    baseRouterState[1] = newChildren
+    return baseRouterState
+  }
+
+  // Clone all the fields except the children.
+  //
+  // Based on equivalent logic in apply-router-state-patch-to-tree, but should
+  // confirm whether we need to copy all of these fields. Not sure the server
+  // ever sends, e.g. the refetch marker.
+  const clone: FlightRouterState = [baseRouterState[0], newChildren]
+  if (2 in baseRouterState) {
+    clone[2] = baseRouterState[2]
+  }
+  if (3 in baseRouterState) {
+    clone[3] = baseRouterState[3]
+  }
+  if (4 in baseRouterState) {
+    clone[4] = baseRouterState[4]
+  }
+  return clone
+}