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| [Back to README](../README.md) | ||
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| # Importing Scripts | ||
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| ## 1. Import statement (experimental) | ||
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| Below is the new import syntax. Thanks everyone for the inspiration! | ||
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| ``` | ||
| 吾嘗觀「「算經」」之書。方悟「正弦」「餘弦」「圓周率」之義。 | ||
| ``` | ||
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| ``` | ||
| from math import sin, cos, pi | ||
| ``` | ||
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| New usage of `今有`. `今有` is now used for exported/public variables, while `吾有` is private/scoped. Think of `今有` like `module.exports.x=`. Think of `吾有` like `var x=` | ||
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| Example: | ||
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| `易經.wy`(a.k.a. Random) | ||
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| ``` | ||
| 吾有一數。曰四十二。名之曰「運數」。 | ||
| 今有一術。名之曰「運」。欲行是術。必先得一數。曰「甲」。乃行是術曰。 | ||
| 注曰「「運者。隨機種子也」」 | ||
| 昔之「運數」者。今「甲」是矣。 | ||
| 是謂「運」之術也。 | ||
| 今有一術。名之曰「占」。是術曰。 | ||
| 注曰「「線性同餘方法所得隨機數也」」 | ||
| 有數四十二億九千四百九十六萬七千二百九十六。名之曰「模」。 | ||
| 有數二千二百六十九萬五千四百七十七。名之曰「倍」。 | ||
| 有數一。名之曰「增」。 | ||
| 乘「倍」以「運數」。加其以「增」。除其以「模」。所餘幾何。昔之「運數」者。今其是矣。 | ||
| 除「運數」以「模」。名之曰「卦」。 | ||
| 乃得「卦」。 | ||
| 是謂「占」之術也。 | ||
| ``` | ||
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| `some_example.wy`(where you import random) | ||
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| ``` | ||
| 吾嘗觀「「易經」」之書。方悟「占」之義。 | ||
| 施「占」。書之。 | ||
| ``` | ||
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| Notice that in `易經.wy` the random seed (運數) is not exported. while its setter (運) is exported, but not imported by `some_example.wy`. Only `占` the generator is exported and imported, and can be used directly. | ||
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| ### JS implementation details | ||
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| (Python, Ruby are not implemented yet) | ||
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| JS Implementation uses `var MODULE_NAME = new function(){ ... }` trick to wrap imported modules. `今有` maps to `this.` So they can be accessed using `MOUDLE_NAME.identifier`. The import statements specifies which identifiers are actually required, and those that are are extracted from its scope using `var identifier = MODULE_NAME.identifier`. Therefore, `some_example.wy` compiles to this: | ||
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| ``` | ||
| var 易經 = new function() { | ||
| var 運數 = 42; | ||
| this.運 = () => 0; | ||
| this.運 = function(甲) { | ||
| /*"運者。隨機種子也"*/ | ||
| 運數 = 甲; | ||
| }; | ||
| this.占 = () => 0; | ||
| this.占 = function() { | ||
| /*"線性同餘方法所得隨機數也"*/ | ||
| var 模 = 4294967296; | ||
| var 倍 = 22695477; | ||
| var 增 = 1; | ||
| var _ans49 = 倍 * 運數; | ||
| var _ans50 = _ans49 + 增; | ||
| var _ans51 = _ans50 % 模; | ||
| 運數 = _ans51; | ||
| var _ans52 = 運數 / 模; | ||
| var 卦 = _ans52; | ||
| return 卦 | ||
| }; | ||
| }; | ||
| var 占 = 易經.占; | ||
| var _ans48 = 占(); | ||
| console.log(_ans48); | ||
| ``` | ||
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| You can check out a more sophisticated example on the online IDE. In the IDE, you can import an example from another example, or the a module from standard lib. | ||
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| `parser.compiler` has a new option called `reader`, which is a function you can provide to tell compiler how to read a module. The default for node.js is to look in current directory plus one directory down. For browser-side you might give it something fancy like AJAX calls or something. | ||
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| When you build the CLI compiler, the source of the standard libraries are included, so you can still use it without having the `./lib` folder. | ||
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| Please let me know if found any issue or have any suggestion! | ||
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| ## 2. Standard Library implementers needed! | ||
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| You think you can write wenyan? Please join us! | ||
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| Currently in the `./lib` folder there are a couple of "stubs" such as `算經`(math) `位經`(bit ops) `易經`(random). | ||
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| They contain many functions to be implemented in wenyan. e.g. The `sin()` function currently contains this HACK: | ||
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| ``` | ||
| 今有一術。名之曰「正弦」。欲行是術。必先得一數。曰「甲」。乃行是術曰。 | ||
| 施「Math.sin」於「甲」。名之曰「乙」。乃得「乙」。 | ||
| 是謂「正弦」之術也。 | ||
| ``` | ||
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| What we need to do is to replace `Math.sin` hack to a proper implementation (Taylor series?). | ||
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| Our goal is to implement the most commonly used library functions. If you are familiar with one or two of them, please submit a pull request! | ||
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| ## 3. Thanks!! | ||
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| As you might have noticed, much of the syntax and many ideas are inspired by / borrowed from numerous posts and feature requests. Therefore, a thank you to everyone! |
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| @@ -0,0 +1,80 @@ | ||
| [Back to README](../README.md) | ||
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| # Nested Function Calls | ||
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| ## Stack-based way to nest function calls | ||
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| Due to popular demand, nested function calls is now a feature. Here is a taste: | ||
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| ``` | ||
| 注曰「「辛 = 戊(甲,丁(乙,丙))」」 | ||
| 夫「甲」。夫「乙」。夫「丙」。取二以施「丁」。取二以施「戊」。名之曰「辛」。 | ||
| ``` | ||
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| More complex example for the courageous: | ||
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| ``` | ||
| 注曰「「壬 = 丁(己(戊(甲,丁(乙,丙))),甲,乙)」」 | ||
| 夫「甲」。夫「乙」。夫「丙」。取二以施「丁」。取二以施「戊」。取一以施「己」。夫「甲」。夫「乙」。取三以施「丁」。名之曰「壬」。 | ||
| ``` | ||
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| ## How it works | ||
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| The original syntax of wenyan already employs a stack-like behavior. You can use `其` to refer to the previous unnamed variable, you can use `書之` to print all the unnamed variables, use `名之曰` to name them etc. Therefore, it is natural to use the same system for function calls. | ||
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| Now I'll refer to the "list of unnamed variables" as the "stack" for convenience. | ||
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| `夫` keyword pushes a variable in into the stack. `取n` marks the last `n` items on the stack as "usable". `以施f` takes all the items marked "usable" and apply function `f` that takes those items as arguments, and push the result onto the stack. Finally you can use `名之曰` to take stuff from back the stack and give them names for later use. | ||
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| Recap on other features that already existed before this update: | ||
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| - `噫` Clears the stack, discarding everything. | ||
| - `其` Refers to the most recent item on the stack. It also clears the stack. The reason for this is not techincal, but is purely done from Classical Chinese readability standpoint: if you use multiple `其` in a row, it can be very confusing: `加其以其。乘其以其。昔之其者。今其是矣。`. Hence. | ||
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| More examples, showing that you can also push items of an Array, math results, and so on to stack: | ||
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| ``` | ||
| 注曰「「庚 = 丁(甲+乙,癸[3],癸.length)」」 | ||
| 加「甲」以「乙」。夫「癸」之三。夫「癸」之長。取三以施「丁」。名之曰「庚」。 | ||
| ``` | ||
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| You can find more examples in `./examples/nested_fun.wy` | ||
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| A thank you to @Lotayou and everyone for the discussion in #285 and #301. More functional programming goodies are on their way! | ||
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| ## Automatically curried functions | ||
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| functions in wenyan are now automatically curried, that is, partially applied to return a new function. | ||
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| ``` | ||
| 吾有一術。名之曰「丁」。欲行是術。必先得三數。曰「寅」曰「卯」曰「辰」乃行是術曰。 | ||
| 乘「寅」以「卯」。加其以「辰」。乃得其。 | ||
| 是謂「丁」之術也。 | ||
| 施「丁」於一於二。名之曰「半丁」。 | ||
| 施「半丁」於三。書之。 | ||
| ``` | ||
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| compiles to | ||
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| ``` | ||
| var 丁 = () => 0; | ||
| 丁 = function(寅) { | ||
| return function(卯) { | ||
| return function(辰) { | ||
| var _ans1 = 寅 * 卯; | ||
| var _ans2 = _ans1 + 辰; | ||
| return _ans2 | ||
| }; | ||
| }; | ||
| }; | ||
| var _ans3 = 丁(1)(2); | ||
| var 半丁 = _ans3; | ||
| var _ans4 = 半丁(3); | ||
| console.log(_ans4); | ||
| ``` | ||
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| Again, more FP on its way. |
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| Original file line number | Diff line number | Diff line change |
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| @@ -0,0 +1,77 @@ | ||
| [Back to README](../README.md) | ||
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| # Try-Catch | ||
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| ``` | ||
| 姑妄行此。 | ||
| 嗚呼。「「滅頂」」之禍。 | ||
| 如事不諧。豈「「ReferenceError」」之禍歟。 | ||
| 吾有一言。曰「「本無此物。奈何用之」」。書之。 | ||
| 豈「「SyntaxError」」之禍歟。 | ||
| 吾有一言。曰「「不合文法。不通之甚」」。書之。 | ||
| 豈「「TypeError」」之禍歟。 | ||
| 吾有一言。曰「「物各其類。豈可混同」」。書之。 | ||
| 豈「「滅頂」」之禍歟。 | ||
| 吾有一言。曰「「嗚呼哀哉。伏维尚飨」」。書之。 | ||
| 不知何禍歟。名之曰「奇禍」。 | ||
| 吾有一言。曰「「人坐家中。禍從天降」」。書之。 | ||
| 乃作罷。 | ||
| ``` | ||
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| Which is roughly equivalent to this JavaScript: | ||
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| ```JavaScript | ||
| try { | ||
| var e = new Error(); e.name = "滅頂"; throw e; | ||
| } catch(e) { | ||
| if (e.name == "ReferenceError") {console.log("本無此物。奈何用之")} | ||
| else if (e.name == "SyntaxError") {console.log("不合文法。不通之甚")} | ||
| else if (e.name == "TypeError") {console.log("物各其類。豈可混同")} | ||
| else if (e.name == "滅頂") {console.log("嗚呼哀哉。伏维尚飨")} | ||
| else {var err = e; console.log("人坐家中。禍從天降")} | ||
| } | ||
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| ``` | ||
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| If you do not need to catch the errors, you can do: | ||
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| ``` | ||
| 姑妄行此。 | ||
| 嗚呼。「「無足輕重」」之禍。 | ||
| 如事不諧乃作罷。 | ||
| ``` | ||
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| Which roughly equals to: | ||
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| ```JavaScript | ||
| try{ | ||
| var e = new Error(); e.name = "無足輕重"; throw e; | ||
| }catch(_){} | ||
| ``` | ||
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| You can also do this to catch any error: | ||
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| ``` | ||
| 姑妄行此。 | ||
| 嗚呼。「「事不關心」」之禍。 | ||
| 如事不諧。不知何禍歟。書之。乃作罷。 | ||
| ``` | ||
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| Which roughly equals to: | ||
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| ```JavaScript | ||
| try{ | ||
| var e = new Error(); e.name = "事不關心"; throw e; | ||
| }catch(e){ | ||
| console.log(e); | ||
| } | ||
| ``` | ||
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| You can see details about the usage in `./examples/try.wy`. |
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