Hydrogen Gas Turbines and Retrofitting of Gas Turbines

config/config.yaml

@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@
 
 # docs in https://pypsa-eur.readthedocs.io/en/latest/configuration.html#run
 run:
-  prefix: 20240807unravelCH4coarse
+  prefix: 20240809H2_plants_retrofit
   name:
   # - CurrentPolicies
   - KN2045_Bal_v4
@@ -479,6 +479,12 @@ plotting:
     load: "#111100"
     H2 pipeline (Kernnetz): '#6b3161'
     renewable oil: '#c9c9c9'
+    urban central H2 retrofit CHP: '#ff0000'
+    H2 retrofit OCGT: '#ff0000'
+    H2 retrofit CCGT: '#ff0000'
+    H2 OCGT: '#ff0000'
+    H2 CCGT: '#ff0000'
+    urban central H2 CHP: '#ff0000'
     renewable gas: '#e05b09'
   countries:
   - all
@@ -501,6 +507,12 @@ electricity:
   custom_file: resources/german_chp.csv
   estimate_renewable_capacities:
     year: 2019
+  H2_plants_DE:
+    enable: true
+    start: 2030 # should be < force
+    force: 2035
+    cost_factor: 0.15 # repurposing cost of OCGT gas to H2 in % investment cost in EUR/MW source: Christidis et al (2023) - H2-Ready-Gaskraftwerke, Table 3 https://reiner-lemoine-institut.de/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/RLI-Studie-H2-ready_DE.pdf
+    efficiency_loss: 0.05
 
 pypsa_eur:
   Bus:

workflow/Snakefile

@@ -184,6 +184,7 @@ rule modify_prenetwork:
         transmission_costs=config_provider("costs", "transmission"),
         biomass_must_run=config_provider("must_run_biomass"),
         clustering=config_provider("clustering", "temporal", "resolution_sector"),
+        H2_plants=config_provider("electricity", "H2_plants_DE"),
         land_transport_electric_share=config_provider(
             "sector", "land_transport_electric_share"
         ),

workflow/scripts/export_ariadne_variables.py

@@ -567,7 +567,17 @@ def _get_capacities(n, region, cap_func, cap_string="Capacity|", costs=None):
     # Q: What about retrofitted gas power plants? -> Lisa
     var[cap_string + "Electricity|Hydrogen"] = var[
         cap_string + "Electricity|Hydrogen|FC"
-    ] = capacities_electricity.get("H2 Fuel Cell", 0)
+    ] = capacities_electricity.reindex(
+        [
+            "H2 Fuel Cell",
+            "H2 OCGT",
+            "H2 CCGT",
+            "urban central H2 CHP",
+            "H2 retrofit OCGT",
+            "H2 retrofit CCGT",
+            "urban central H2 retrofit CHP",
+        ]
+    ).sum()
 
     var[cap_string + "Electricity|Nuclear"] = capacities_electricity.get("nuclear", 0)
 
@@ -796,6 +806,10 @@ def _get_capacities(n, region, cap_func, cap_string="Capacity|", costs=None):
         }
     ).sum()
 
+    var[cap_string + "Heat|Hydrogen"] = capacities_central_heat.reindex(
+        ["urban central H2 CHP", "urban central H2 retrofit CHP"]
+    ).sum()
+
     # !!! Missing in the Ariadne database
 
     var[cap_string + "Heat|Gas"] = (
@@ -1362,9 +1376,17 @@ def get_secondary_energy(n, region, _industry_demand):
         + var["Secondary Energy|Electricity|Wind"]
     )
 
-    var["Secondary Energy|Electricity|Hydrogen"] = electricity_supply.get(
-        "H2 Fuel Cell", 0
-    )
+    var["Secondary Energy|Electricity|Hydrogen"] = electricity_supply.reindex(
+        [
+            "H2 Fuel Cell",
+            "H2 OCGT",
+            "H2 CCGT",
+            "urban central H2 CHP",
+            "H2 retrofit OCGT",
+            "H2 retrofit CCGT",
+            "urban central H2 retrofit CHP",
+        ]
+    ).sum()
     # ! Add H2 Turbines if they get implemented
 
     var["Secondary Energy|Electricity|Waste"] = electricity_supply.filter(
@@ -1470,6 +1492,9 @@ def get_secondary_energy(n, region, _industry_demand):
     # var["Secondary Energy|Heat|Nuclear"] = \
     # var["Secondary Energy|Heat|Other"] = \
     # ! Not implemented
+    var["Secondary Energy|Heat|Hydrogen"] = heat_supply.filter(
+        like="urban central H2"
+    ).sum()
 
     var["Secondary Energy|Heat|Oil"] = heat_supply.filter(
         like="urban central oil"
@@ -1508,6 +1533,7 @@ def get_secondary_energy(n, region, _industry_demand):
         + var["Secondary Energy|Heat|Other"]
         + var["Secondary Energy|Heat|Coal"]
         + var["Secondary Energy|Heat|Waste"]
+        + var["Secondary Energy|Heat|Hydrogen"]
     )
     assert isclose(
         var["Secondary Energy|Heat"],
@@ -1671,10 +1697,23 @@ def get_secondary_energy(n, region, _industry_demand):
         .multiply(MWh2PJ)
     )
 
-    var["Secondary Energy Input|Hydrogen|Electricity"] = hydrogen_withdrawal.get(
-        "H2 Fuel Cell", 0
+    H2_CHP_E_usage, H2_CHP_H_usage = get_CHP_E_and_H_usage(n, "H2", region)
+
+    var["Secondary Energy Input|Hydrogen|Electricity"] = (
+        hydrogen_withdrawal.reindex(
+            [
+                "H2 Fuel Cell",
+                "H2 OCGT",
+                "H2 CCGT",
+                "H2 retrofit OCGT",
+                "H2 retrofit CCGT",
+            ]
+        ).sum()
+        + H2_CHP_E_usage
     )
 
+    var["Secondary Energy Input|Hydrogen|Heat"] = H2_CHP_H_usage
+
     var["Secondary Energy Input|Hydrogen|Gases"] = hydrogen_withdrawal.get(
         "Sabatier", 0
     )

workflow/scripts/modify_prenetwork.py

@@ -679,6 +679,111 @@ def aladin_mobility_demand(n):
         n.stores.loc[dsm_i].e_nom *= pd.Series(factor.values, index=dsm_i)
 
 
+def add_hydrogen_turbines(n):
+    """
+    This adds links that instead of a gas turbine use a hydrogen turbine.
+
+    It is assumed that the efficiency stays the same. This function is
+    only applied to German nodes.
+    """
+    logger.info("Adding hydrogen turbine technologies for Germany.")
+
+    gas_carrier = ["OCGT", "CCGT"]
+    for carrier in gas_carrier:
+        gas_plants = n.links[
+            (n.links.carrier == carrier)
+            & (n.links.index.str[:2] == "DE")
+            & (n.links.p_nom_extendable)
+        ].index
+        if gas_plants.empty:
+            continue
+        h2_plants = n.links.loc[gas_plants].copy()
+        h2_plants.carrier = h2_plants.carrier.str.replace(carrier, "H2 " + carrier)
+        h2_plants.index = h2_plants.index.str.replace(carrier, "H2 " + carrier)
+        h2_plants.bus0 = h2_plants.bus1 + " H2"
+        h2_plants.bus2 = ""
+        h2_plants.efficiency2 = 1
+        # add the new links
+        n.import_components_from_dataframe(h2_plants, "Link")
+
+    # special handling of CHPs
+    gas_plants = n.links[
+        (n.links.carrier == "urban central gas CHP")
+        & (n.links.index.str[:2] == "DE")
+        & (n.links.p_nom_extendable)
+    ].index
+    h2_plants = n.links.loc[gas_plants].copy()
+    h2_plants.carrier = h2_plants.carrier.str.replace("gas", "H2")
+    h2_plants.index = h2_plants.index.str.replace("gas", "H2")
+    h2_plants.bus0 = h2_plants.bus1 + " H2"
+    h2_plants.bus3 = ""
+    h2_plants.efficiency3 = 1
+    n.import_components_from_dataframe(h2_plants, "Link")
+
+
+def force_retrofit(n, params):
+    """
+    This function forces the retrofit of gas turbines from params["force"] on.
+
+    Extendable gas links are deleted.
+    """
+
+    logger.info("Forcing retrofit of gas turbines to hydrogen turbines.")
+
+    gas_carrier = ["OCGT", "CCGT", "urban central gas CHP"]
+    # deleting extendable gas turbine plants
+    to_drop = n.links[
+        (n.links.carrier.isin(gas_carrier))
+        & (n.links.p_nom_extendable)
+        & (n.links.index.str[:2] == "DE")
+    ].index
+    n.links.drop(to_drop, inplace=True)
+
+    # forcing retrofit
+    for carrier in ["OCGT", "CCGT"]:
+        gas_plants = n.links[
+            (n.links.carrier == carrier)
+            & (n.links.index.str[:2] == "DE")
+            & (n.links.build_year >= params["start"])
+        ].index
+        if gas_plants.empty:
+            continue
+
+        h2_plants = n.links.loc[gas_plants].copy()
+        h2_plants.carrier = h2_plants.carrier.str.replace(
+            carrier, "H2 retrofit " + carrier
+        )
+        h2_plants.index = h2_plants.index.str.replace(carrier, "H2 retrofit " + carrier)
+        h2_plants.bus0 = h2_plants.bus1 + " H2"
+        h2_plants.bus2 = ""
+        h2_plants.efficiency -= params["efficiency_loss"]
+        h2_plants.efficiency2 = 1  # default value
+        h2_plants.capital_cost *= 1 + params["cost_factor"]
+        # add the new links
+        n.import_components_from_dataframe(h2_plants, "Link")
+        n.links.drop(gas_plants, inplace=True)
+
+    # special handling of CHPs
+    gas_plants = n.links[
+        (n.links.carrier == "urban central gas CHP")
+        & (n.links.index.str[:2] == "DE")
+        & (n.links.build_year >= params["start"])
+    ].index
+    if gas_plants.empty:
+        return
+
+    h2_plants = n.links.loc[gas_plants].copy()
+    h2_plants.carrier = h2_plants.carrier.str.replace("gas", "H2 retrofit")
+    h2_plants.index = h2_plants.index.str.replace("gas", "H2 retrofit")
+    h2_plants.bus0 = h2_plants.bus1 + " H2"
+    h2_plants.bus3 = ""
+    h2_plants.efficiency -= params["efficiency_loss"]
+    h2_plants.efficiency3 = 1  # default value
+    h2_plants.capital_cost *= 1 + params["cost_factor"]
+    n.import_components_from_dataframe(h2_plants, "Link")
+    n.links.drop(gas_plants, inplace=True)
+
+
 if __name__ == "__main__":
     if "snakemake" not in globals():
         import os
@@ -759,4 +864,14 @@ def aladin_mobility_demand(n):
             snakemake.params.biomass_must_run["regions"],
         )
 
+    if snakemake.params.H2_plants["enable"]:
+        if snakemake.params.H2_plants["start"] <= int(
+            snakemake.wildcards.planning_horizons
+        ):
+            add_hydrogen_turbines(n)
+        if snakemake.params.H2_plants["force"] <= int(
+            snakemake.wildcards.planning_horizons
+        ):
+            force_retrofit(n, snakemake.params.H2_plants)
+
     n.export_to_netcdf(snakemake.output.network)