Create CONTRIBUTING.md (rust-itertools#767)

CONTRIBUTING.md

@@ -0,0 +1,189 @@
+# Contributing to itertools
+
+We use stable Rust only.
+Please check the minimum version of Rust we use in `Cargo.toml`.
+
+_If you are proposing a major change to CI or a new iterator adaptor for this crate,
+then **please first file an issue** describing your proposal._
+[Usual concerns about new methods](https://github.com/rust-itertools/itertools/issues/413#issuecomment-657670781).
+
+To pass CI tests successfully, your code must be free of "compiler warnings" and "clippy warnings" and be "rustfmt" formatted.
+
+Note that small PRs are easier to review and therefore are more easily merged.
+
+## Write a new method/adaptor for `Itertools` trait
+In general, the code logic should be tested with [quickcheck](https://crates.io/crates/quickcheck) tests in `tests/quick.rs`
+which allow us to test properties about the code with randomly generated inputs.
+
+### Behind `use_std`/`use_alloc` feature?
+If it needs the "std" (such as using hashes) then it should be behind the `use_std` feature,
+or if it requires heap allocation (such as using vectors) then it should be behind the `use_alloc` feature.
+Otherwise it should be able to run in `no_std` context.
+
+This mostly applies to your new module, each import from it, and to your new `Itertools` method.
+
+### Pick the right receiver
+`self`, `&mut self` or `&self`? From [#710](https://github.com/rust-itertools/itertools/pull/710):
+
+- Take by value when:
+    - It transfers ownership to another iterator type, such as `filter`, `map`...
+    - It consumes the iterator completely, such as `count`, `last`, `max`...
+- Mutably borrow when it consumes only part of the iterator, such as `find`, `all`, `try_collect`...
+- Immutably borrow when there is no change, such as `size_hint`.
+
+### Laziness
+Iterators are [lazy](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/iter/index.html#laziness):
+
+- structs of iterator adaptors should have `#[must_use = "iterator adaptors are lazy and do nothing unless consumed"]` ;
+- structs of iterators should have `#[must_use = "iterators are lazy and do nothing unless consumed"]`.
+
+Those behaviors are **tested** in `tests/laziness.rs`.
+
+## Specialize `Iterator` methods
+It might be more performant to specialize some methods.
+However, each specialization should be thoroughly tested.
+
+Correctly specializing methods can be difficult, and _we do not require that you do it on your initial PR_.
+
+Most of the time, we want specializations of:
+
+- [`size_hint`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/iter/trait.Iterator.html#method.size_hint):
+  It mostly allows allocation optimizations.
+  When always exact, it also enables to implement `ExactSizeIterator`.
+  See our private module `src/size_hint.rs` for helpers.
+- [`fold`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/iter/trait.Iterator.html#method.fold)
+  might make iteration faster than calling `next` repeatedly.
+- [`count`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/iter/trait.Iterator.html#method.count),
+  [`last`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/iter/trait.Iterator.html#method.last),
+  [`nth`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/iter/trait.Iterator.html#method.nth)
+  as we might be able to avoid iterating on every item with `next`.
+
+Additionally,
+
+- `for_each`, `reduce`, `max/min[_by[_key]]` and `partition` all rely on `fold` so you should specialize it instead.
+- `all`, `any`, `find`, `find_map`, `cmp`, `partial_cmp`, `eq`, `ne`, `lt`, `le`, `gt`, `ge` and `position` all rely (by default) on `try_fold`
+  which we can not specialize on stable rust, so you might want to wait it stabilizes
+  or specialize each of them.
+- `DoubleEndedIterator::{nth_back, rfold, rfind}`: similar reasoning.
+
+An adaptor might use the inner iterator specializations for its own specializations.
+
+They are **tested** in `tests/specializations.rs` and **benchmarked** in `benches/specializations.rs`
+(build those benchmarks is slow so you might want to temporarily remove the ones you do not want to measure).
+
+## Additional implementations
+### The [`Debug`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/fmt/trait.Debug.html) implementation
+All our iterators should implement `Debug`.
+
+When one of the field is not debuggable (such as _functions_), you must not derive `Debug`.
+Instead, manually implement it and _ignore this field_ in our helper macro `debug_fmt_fields`.
+
+<details>
+<summary>4 examples (click to expand)</summary>
+
+```rust
+use std::fmt;
+
+/* ===== Simple derive. ===== */
+#[derive(Debug)]
+struct Name1<I> {
+    iter: I,
+}
+
+/* ===== With an unclonable field. ===== */
+struct Name2<I, F> {
+    iter: I,
+    func: F,
+}
+
+// No `F: Debug` bound and the field `func` is ignored.
+impl<I: fmt::Debug, F> fmt::Debug for Name2<I, F> {
+    // it defines the `fmt` function from a struct name and the fields you want to debug.
+    debug_fmt_fields!(Name2, iter);
+}
+
+/* ===== With an unclonable field, but another bound to add. ===== */
+struct Name3<I: Iterator, F> {
+    iter: I,
+    item: Option<I::Item>,
+    func: F,
+}
+
+// Same about `F` and `func`, similar about `I` but we must add the `I::Item: Debug` bound.
+impl<I: Iterator + fmt::Debug, F> fmt::Debug for Name3<I, F>
+where
+    I::Item: fmt::Debug,
+{
+    debug_fmt_fields!(Name3, iter, item);
+}
+
+/* ===== With an unclonable field for which we can provide some information. ===== */
+struct Name4<I, F> {
+    iter: I,
+    func: Option<F>,
+}
+
+// If ignore a field is not good enough, implement Debug fully manually.
+impl<I: fmt::Debug, F> fmt::Debug for Name4<I, F> {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
+        let func = if self.func.is_some() { "Some(_)" } else { "None" };
+        f.debug_struct("Name4")
+            .field("iter", &self.iter)
+            .field("func", &func)
+            .finish()
+    }
+}
+```
+</details>
+
+### When/How to implement [`Clone`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/clone/trait.Clone.html)
+All our iterators should implement `Clone` when possible.
+
+Note that a mutable reference is never clonable so `struct Name<'a, I: 'a> { iter: &'a mut I }` can not implement `Clone`.
+
+Derive `Clone` on a generic struct adds the bound `Clone` on each generic parameter.
+It might be an issue in which case you should manually implement it with our helper macro `clone_fields` (it defines the `clone` function calling `clone` on each field) and be careful about the bounds.
+
+### When to implement [`std::iter::FusedIterator`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/iter/trait.FusedIterator.html)
+This trait should be implemented _by all iterators that always return `None` after returning `None` once_, because it allows to optimize `Iterator::fuse()`.
+
+The conditions on which it should be implemented are usually the ones from the `Iterator` implementation, eventually refined to ensure it behaves in a fused way.
+
+### When to implement [`ExactSizeIterator`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/iter/trait.ExactSizeIterator.html)
+_When we are always able to return an exact non-overflowing length._
+
+Therefore, we do not implement it on adaptors that makes the iterator longer as the resulting length could overflow.
+
+One should not override `ExactSizeIterator::len` method but rely on an exact `Iterator::size_hint` implementation, meaning it returns `(length, Some(length))` (unless you could make `len` more performant than the default).
+
+The conditions on which it should be implemented are usually the ones from the `Iterator` implementation, probably refined to ensure the size hint is exact.
+
+### When to implement [`DoubleEndedIterator`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/iter/trait.DoubleEndedIterator.html)
+When the iterator structure allows to handle _iterating on both fronts simultaneously_.
+The iteration might stop in the middle when both fronts meet.
+
+The conditions on which it should be implemented are usually the ones from the `Iterator` implementation, probably refined to ensure we can iterate on both fronts simultaneously.
+
+### When to implement [`itertools::PeekingNext`](https://docs.rs/itertools/latest/itertools/trait.PeekingNext.html)
+TODO
+
+This is currently **tested** in `tests/test_std.rs`.
+
+## About lending iterators
+TODO
+
+
+## Other notes
+No guideline about using `#[inline]` yet.
+
+### `.fold` / `.for_each` / `.try_fold` / `.try_for_each`
+In the Rust standard library, it's quite common for `fold` to be implemented in terms of `try_fold`. But it's not something we do yet because we can not specialize `try_fold` methods yet (it uses the unstable `Try`).
+
+From [#781](https://github.com/rust-itertools/itertools/pull/781), the general rule to follow is something like this:
+
+- If you need to completely consume an iterator:
+  - Use `fold` if you need an _owned_ access to an accumulator.
+  - Use `for_each` otherwise.
+- If you need to partly consume an iterator, the same applies with `try_` versions:
+  - Use `try_fold` if you need an _owned_ access to an accumulator.
+  - Use `try_for_each` otherwise.

README.md

@@ -21,17 +21,9 @@ use itertools::Itertools;
 ```
 
 ## How to contribute
+If you're not sure what to work on, try checking the [help wanted](https://github.com/rust-itertools/itertools/issues?q=is%3Aopen+is%3Aissue+label%3A%22help+wanted%22) label.
 
-- Fix a bug or implement a new thing
-- Include tests for your new feature, preferably a QuickCheck test
-- Make a Pull Request
-
-For new features, please first consider filing a PR to [rust-lang/rust](https://github.com/rust-lang/rust),
-adding your new feature to the `Iterator` trait of the standard library, if you believe it is reasonable.
-If it isn't accepted there, proposing it for inclusion in ``itertools`` is a good idea.
-The reason for doing is this is so that we avoid future breakage as with ``.flatten()``.
-However, if your feature involves heap allocation, such as storing elements in a ``Vec<T>``,
-then it can't be accepted into ``libcore``, and you should propose it for ``itertools`` directly instead.
+See our [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/rust-itertools/itertools/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md) for a detailed guide.
 
 ## License