rpc: improve latency by not blocking worker threads polling IO notifications #3242

alessandrod · 2024-10-21T14:04:32Z

Problem

Some RPC operations are CPU bound and run for a significant amount of time. Those operations end up blocking worker threads that are also used to handle IO notifications, leading to notifications not being polled often enough and so for the whole RPC server to potentially become slow and exhibit high latency. When latency gets high enough it can exceed request timeouts, leading to failed requests.

Summary of Changes

This PR makes some of the most CPU expensive RPC methods use tokio::task::spawn_blocking to run cpu hungry code. This way the worker threads doing IO don't get blocked and latency is improved.

The methods changed so far include:

getMultipleAccounts
getProgramAccounts
getAccountInfo
getTokenAccountsByDelegate
getTokenAccountsByOwner

I'm not super familiar with RPC so I've changed what looking at the code seems to be loading/copying a lot of data around. Please feel free to suggest more!

Test plan

Methodolgy for selection of CPU defaults

Run this blocks benchmark script while tweaking CPU params. This was run on a 48 CPU machine.

`rpc_threads`	`rpc_blocking_threads`	Average	Median	p90	p99
cpus	cpus / 2	21880	22136	22546	22572
cpus	cpus / 4	20617 ($${\color{green}-5.7\%}$$)	20627 ($${\color{green}-6.8\%}$$)	21040 ($${\color{green}-6.7\%}$$)	21149 ($${\color{green}-6.3\%}$$)
cpus	cpus / 8	21366 ($${\color{green}-2.4\%}$$)	21367 ($${\color{green}-3.8\%}$$)	21434 ($${\color{green}-4.9\%}$$)	21477 ($${\color{green}-4.9\%}$$)
cpus / 2	cpus / 2	21642 ($${\color{green}-1.1\%}$$)	21525 ($${\color{green}-2.8\%}$$)	23202 ($${\color{red}+2.9\%}$$)	23235 ($${\color{red}+2.9\%}$$)
cpus / 2	cpus / 4	20033 ($${\color{green}-8.4\%}$$)	20044 ($${\color{green}-9.4\%}$$)	20430 ($${\color{green}-9.4\%}$$)	20598 ($${\color{green}-8.7\%}$$)

Methodology

Using this script for computing metrics: https://gist.github.com/steveluscher/b4959b9601093b0009f1d7646217b030, ran each of these account-cluster-bench suites before and after this PR:

account-info
block
blocks
first-available-block
multiple-accounts
slot
supply
token-accounts-by-delegate
token-accounts-by-owner
token-supply
transaction
transaction-parsed
version

Using a command similar to this:

 % (
       bash -c 'while ! curl -s localhost:8899/health | grep -q "ok"; do echo "Waiting for validator" && sleep 1; done;' \
           ${IFS# Set this higher if you want the test to run with more blocks having been committed } \
           && sleep 15 \
           && echo "Running bench" \
           && cd accounts-cluster-bench \
           && cargo run --release -- \
               -u l \
               --identity ~/.config/solana/id.json \
               ${IFS# Optional for benches that require token accounts} \
               ${IFS# https://gist.github.com/steveluscher/19261b5321f56a89dc75804070b61dc4} \
               ${IFS# --mint UhrKsjtPJJ8ndhSdrcCbQaiw8L8a6gH1FbmtJ4XpVJR } \
               --iterations 100 \
               --num-rpc-bench-threads 100 \
               --rpc-bench supply 2>&1 \
           | grep -Po "Supply average success_time: \K(\d+)" \
           | ~/stats.sh 
   ) \
       & (
           (cd accounts-cluster-bench && cargo build --release) \
           && (
               cd validator \
                   && rm -rf test-ledger/ \
                   && cargo run --release \
                       --manifest-path=./Cargo.toml \
                       --bin solana-test-validator -- \
                           ${IFS# Put this in ~/fixtures/ } \
                           ${IFS# https://gist.github.com/steveluscher/19261b5321f56a89dc75804070b61dc4 } \
                           --account-dir ~/fixtures \
                           --quiet
               ) \
       )
Average: 34293.3
Median: 31708.5
90th Percentile: 44640
99th Percentile: 45166

Note

You can adjust the sleep 15 if you want the validator to stack up more slots before starting the bench.

Warning

When running benches that require token accounts, supply a mint, space, and actually create the token account using the fixture found here.

Results

Warning

These results are a little messed up, because what's actually happening here is that the benchmark script is spitting out averages in 3s windows. The avg/p50/p90/p99 of those numbers is what you're seeing in this table. Not correct, but directionally correct.

Note

Filling in this grid would take a long time, especially if run against a mainnet RPC with production traffic. We may just choose to land this as ‘certainly better, how much we can't say exactly.’

Suite	Average	Median	p90	p99
`account-info`	TBD ($${\color{green}-99\%}$$)	TBD ($${\color{green}-99\%}$$)	TBD ($${\color{green}-99\%}$$)	TBD ($${\color{green}-99\%}$$)
`block`	TBD ($${\color{green}-99\%}$$)	TBD ($${\color{green}-99\%}$$)	TBD ($${\color{green}-99\%}$$)	TBD ($${\color{green}-99\%}$$)
`blocks`	TBD ($${\color{green}-99\%}$$)	TBD ($${\color{green}-99\%}$$)	TBD ($${\color{green}-99\%}$$)	TBD ($${\color{green}-99\%}$$)
`first-available-block`	TBD ($${\color{green}-99\%}$$)	TBD ($${\color{green}-99\%}$$)	TBD ($${\color{green}-99\%}$$)	TBD ($${\color{green}-99\%}$$)
`multiple-accounts`	TBD ($${\color{green}-99\%}$$)	TBD ($${\color{green}-99\%}$$)	TBD ($${\color{green}-99\%}$$)	TBD ($${\color{green}-99\%}$$)
`slot`	TBD ($${\color{green}-99\%}$$)	TBD ($${\color{green}-99\%}$$)	TBD ($${\color{green}-99\%}$$)	TBD ($${\color{green}-99\%}$$)
`supply`	TBD ($${\color{green}-99\%}$$)	TBD ($${\color{green}-99\%}$$)	TBD ($${\color{green}-99\%}$$)	TBD ($${\color{green}-99\%}$$)
`token-accounts-by-delegate`	TBD ($${\color{green}-99\%}$$)	TBD ($${\color{green}-99\%}$$)	TBD ($${\color{green}-99\%}$$)	TBD ($${\color{green}-99\%}$$)
`token-accounts-by-owner`	TBD ($${\color{green}-99\%}$$)	TBD ($${\color{green}-99\%}$$)	TBD ($${\color{green}-99\%}$$)	TBD ($${\color{green}-99\%}$$)
`token-supply`	TBD ($${\color{green}-99\%}$$)	TBD ($${\color{green}-99\%}$$)	TBD ($${\color{green}-99\%}$$)	TBD ($${\color{green}-99\%}$$)
`transaction`	TBD ($${\color{green}-99\%}$$)	TBD ($${\color{green}-99\%}$$)	TBD ($${\color{green}-99\%}$$)	TBD ($${\color{green}-99\%}$$)
`transaction-parsed`	TBD ($${\color{green}-99\%}$$)	TBD ($${\color{green}-99\%}$$)	TBD ($${\color{green}-99\%}$$)	TBD ($${\color{green}-99\%}$$)
`version`	TBD ($${\color{green}-99\%}$$)	TBD ($${\color{green}-99\%}$$)	TBD ($${\color{green}-99\%}$$)	TBD ($${\color{green}-99\%}$$)

alessandrod · 2024-10-21T14:04:47Z

This is a rebase of solana-labs#34675

mergify · 2024-10-21T14:05:11Z

If this PR represents a change to the public RPC API:

Make sure it includes a complementary update to rpc-client/ (example)
Open a follow-up PR to update the JavaScript client @solana/web3.js (example)

Thank you for keeping the RPC clients in sync with the server API @alessandrod.

fanatid · 2024-10-24T14:29:10Z

rpc/src/rpc.rs

+            accounts.push(
+                self.runtime
+                    .spawn_blocking(move || {
+                        get_encoded_account(&bank, &pubkey, encoding, data_slice, None)


does it make sense to spawn task per account? why don't fetch all accounts in one task

parallelism - so that one big request doesn't monopolize the thread for too long and multiple requests can make progress together.

I understand that point, but if we have 500 req/s, and let's assume most of them gMA don't we spend more time on spawning tasks? gMA (that can be max 100 gAI) is not the same as gPA (especially gTABO)

don't we spend more time on spawning tasks

The overhead of spawning a task is minimal, it's matter of putting the task descriptor in a channel. The background thread already exists, just needs to pop the item off the channel.

The tradeoff with this approach vs doing all in one go is that with this approach, all requests potentially get a little slower (because parallelism), vs doing all in one go where some requests are faster but some risk getting starved and timeout.

ok, then why do not use join_all? because right now we wait when previous task will be finished

Because waiting is the point - so that if there are concurrent requests (which most likely there are), the background threads can serve those. If we join_all all the threads will fire up at the same time, load will increase, background threads will have less capacity to process other things etc.

The point of the current approach is to maximize overall throughput not single response time. I think that this is the best approach, but I'm open to changing my mind!

alessandrod · 2024-11-12T03:02:44Z

Some other methods that should probably go in background (intel from RPC provider 🙏 )

getConfirmedBlocks - 58.3 s
getSupply - 30.1 s
getFirstAvailableBlock - 1.94 s
getConfirmedTransaction - 4.28 s
getBlock - 1.49 s
getTokenSupply - 1.30 s

alessandrod · 2024-11-28T14:55:14Z

validator/src/cli.rs

@@ -2325,6 +2335,7 @@ impl DefaultArgs {
                .retry_pool_max_size
                .to_string(),
            rpc_threads: num_cpus::get().to_string(),
+            rpc_blocking_threads: (num_cpus::get() / 2).to_string(),


this needs to be set a lot lower

alessandrod · 2024-11-28T14:55:38Z

validator/src/cli.rs

@@ -2325,6 +2335,7 @@ impl DefaultArgs {
                .retry_pool_max_size
                .to_string(),
            rpc_threads: num_cpus::get().to_string(),


this needs to be set a lot lower

I'll tweak these and see how the choice of cpus affects the benchmark latencies.

steveluscher

I'll keep going with this.

Apply the same mitigation to:
- getConfirmedBlocks
- getSupply
- getFirstAvailableBlock
- getConfirmedTransaction
- getBlock
- getTokenSupply
Add RpcBench routines to cover all of them
Tweak the CPU numbers to find some lower bound
Paste before/after benchmark results into the PR description

steveluscher · 2024-12-02T23:12:18Z

rpc/src/rpc.rs

+        let response = self
+            .runtime
+            .spawn_blocking({
+                let bank = Arc::clone(&bank);
+                move || get_encoded_account(&bank, &pubkey, encoding, data_slice, None)
+            })
+            .await
+            .expect("rpc: get_encoded_account panicked")?;


Let me say this back to you, just to make sure that I understand it correctly.

On first glance, creating a yield point here seems strange; there's a very little bit of work above and below, and this apparently synchronous call to get_encoded_account() in the middle. Why not just do all the work in one go?

However, if you hyperclick into get_encoded_account() long enough, you eventually bottom out at this ‘read from disk’ call. This tells me that though this call appears sync, it can bottom out at an IOWait and cause the thread to go idle.

If get_encoded_account() and every function all the way down were async we would naturally get yieldyness through the use of await. Since it isn't, the change here introduces a yield-point in recognition that get_encoded_account() may wait on IO.

All correct! I would add that there are other hidden costs in loading from accountsdb, especially if the account doesn't exist index lookup is very slow, and that encoding is also very slow (can do compression etc) on large inputs and accounts can be up to 10MB.

steveluscher · 2024-12-02T23:15:27Z

validator/src/cli.rs

@@ -2325,6 +2335,7 @@ impl DefaultArgs {
                .retry_pool_max_size
                .to_string(),
            rpc_threads: num_cpus::get().to_string(),


I'll tweak these and see how the choice of cpus affects the benchmark latencies.

steveluscher · 2024-12-11T00:55:47Z

@t-nelson @alessandrod: I've completed a first pass, and I'm working on blasting out some measurements right now. Feel free to ignore this, but if you would like to take an early crack at feedback, please feel free.

Also: #4048 when you have a sec.

alessandrod · 2024-12-11T04:54:40Z

Great stuff! Just one note about selecting the right number of rpc_threads: I think that we'll need help from operators to properly test that part, because the results you'll get from the bench wrt number of threads won't be representative of what happens while doing RPC requests against a mnb node, which has 400+ threads busy doing other stuff.

As a default I think we should be fairly conservative and use small numbers.

steveluscher · 2024-12-11T22:42:24Z

As a default I think we should be fairly conservative and use small numbers.

I've completed some measurements, as seen in the chart, but I can't say that I really know what to set it to. Given that this is configurable via CLI arguments, what's your guidance?

Set it to 1 and let RPC providers configure it if they would like, or
Ask RPC providers to gift a sensible default to us through experimentation?

steveluscher · 2024-12-11T22:45:46Z

Hey @NicolasPennie, @WilfredAlmeida, would you be willing to build an RPC using this PR, tweak --rpc-blocking-threads, and let me know what a sensible default (preferably as a percentage of CPUs available) for that value might be based on your observations.

steveluscher · 2024-12-11T23:21:39Z

Computing the benchmarks using the script in the PR description will take a long time. That said, I have not run a benchmark locally yet that hasn't shown positive results. I invite you to take the position that this is ‘probably better’ without the need to quantify exactly how much, and to iterate from here.

steveluscher · 2024-12-11T23:22:27Z

validator/src/cli.rs

+                .validator(|value| {
+                    value
+                        .parse::<u64>()
+                        .map_err(|err| format!("error parsing '{value}': {err}"))
+                        .and_then(|threads| {
+                            if threads > 0 {
+                                Ok(())
+                            } else {
+                                Err(format!("value must be >= 1"))
+                            }
+                        })
+                })


I added some rigor to the CLI here.

steveluscher · 2024-12-11T23:22:42Z

validator/src/cli.rs

@@ -2362,6 +2384,7 @@ impl DefaultArgs {
                .retry_pool_max_size
                .to_string(),
            rpc_threads: num_cpus::get().to_string(),
+            rpc_blocking_threads: 1.max(num_cpus::get() / 2).to_string(),


I tweaked the default to never be less than 1.

fanatid · 2024-12-12T18:35:16Z

@steveluscher we are going to make a build with this PR in Triton, but it's hard to do if PR contains force-pushes. I already spent almost 2 hours to trying resolve conflicts in our rpc code and now I do not know what changed after 9ba5d62...

steveluscher · 2024-12-12T21:53:36Z

I gotchu!

git fetch
git remote add alessandrod https://github.com/alessandrod/solana
git fetch alessandrod
git checkout 5435ef54081d79bfc623668db75e535459c59f4c
git checkout -b tmp-3242-before
git rebase 3a6d593401bfbbf3ecf459e1fa7ead1613041954
git checkout bb8d89b
git checkout -b tmp-3242-after
git rebase 3a6d593401bfbbf3ecf459e1fa7ead1613041954
git diff tmp-3242-before tmp-3242-after

steveluscher · 2024-12-12T22:55:53Z

I completely screwed up the ? / unwrap() semantics here, because I don't know how to program. Fixing! Will have an update in a moment.

By default tokio allows up to 512 blocking threas. We don't want that many threads, as they'd slow down other validator threads.

Make the function async and use tokio::task::spawn_blocking() to execute CPU-bound code in background. This prevents stalling the worker threads polling IO notifications and serving other non CPU-bound rpc methods.

get_filtered_program_accounts can be used to retrieve _a list_ of accounts that match some filters. This is CPU bound and can block the calling thread for a significant amount of time when copying many/large accounts.

Pass the custom runtime to JsonRpcRequestProcessor and use it to spawn blocking tasks from rpc methods.

When these methods reach out to Blockstore, yield the thread

When this method reaches out to accounts_db (through a call to `calculate_non_circulating_supply()`), yield the thread.

When this method reaches out to blockstore, yield the thread

When this method reaches out to methods on bank that do reads, yield the thread

steveluscher · 2024-12-13T00:09:48Z

Updated!

Replaced Box::pin(...) with async move { /* ... */ }.boxed()
Corrected rogue replacement of ? with unwrap() now that I understand the runtime semantics.

alessandrod

Generally looks great! Left some comments

alessandrod · 2024-12-14T23:47:32Z

rpc/src/rpc.rs

-                })?)
+            self.runtime
+                .spawn_blocking(move || {
+                    bank.get_filtered_indexed_accounts(


Maybe we should make get_filtered_indexed_accounts do the spawn_blocking
internally like get_filtered_program_accounts and get_filtered_spl_token_accounts_by_owner?

alessandrod · 2024-12-15T00:33:40Z

rpc/src/rpc.rs

+            .spawn_blocking({
+                let bank = bank.clone();
+                move || {
+                    calculate_non_circulating_supply(&bank).map_err(|e| RpcCustomError::ScanError {


calculate_non_circulating_supply is called from some other methods, maybe we
should make it async?

alessandrod · 2024-12-15T00:35:10Z

rpc/src/rpc.rs

+            .runtime
+            .spawn_blocking({
+                let blockstore = Arc::clone(&self.blockstore);
+                move || blockstore.get_first_available_block().unwrap_or_default()


What's the reasoning for doing this in the bg pool? Looking at the
implementation it doesn't look slow?

alessandrod · 2024-12-15T00:36:33Z

rpc/src/rpc.rs

+                        move || blockstore.get_rooted_block(slot, true)
+                    })
+                    .await
+                    .expect("Failed to spawn blocking task");
                self.check_blockstore_root(&result, slot)?;
                let encode_block = |confirmed_block: ConfirmedBlock| -> Result<UiConfirmedBlock> {


encoding probably needs to go in the blocking pool too?

alessandrod · 2024-12-15T00:37:11Z

rpc/src/rpc.rs

+            .runtime
+            .spawn_blocking({
+                let blockstore = Arc::clone(&self.blockstore);
+                move || blockstore.get_first_available_block().unwrap_or_default()


same here not sure that this needs to go in the bg pool

alessandrod · 2024-12-15T00:39:58Z

rpc/src/rpc.rs

+                let blockstore = Arc::clone(&self.blockstore);
+                move || -> Result<Vec<_>> {
+                    let blocks = blockstore
+                        .rooted_slot_iterator(max(start_slot, lowest_blockstore_slot))


same here: I think that this iterator is fast, it just gets a bunch of u64s from
rocks.

In general not sure that this function should be async, it has a confusing name
but it just returns a vec of slot numbers

alessandrod · 2024-12-15T00:50:47Z

rpc/src/rpc.rs

+                    async move {
+                        let unix_timestamp = self
+                            .runtime
+                            .spawn_blocking(move || bank.clock().unix_timestamp)


I don't think that this should go in the bg pool? The clock sysvar account is
smol and pretty much guaranteed to be cached

alessandrod · 2024-12-15T00:52:06Z

rpc/src/rpc.rs

+                let bank = Arc::clone(&bank);
+                let mint = Pubkey::clone(mint);
+                move || {
+                    bank.get_account(&mint).ok_or_else(|| {


Token accounts are small, so not sure that we should send this to the bg pool?
Especially considering it's memecoin szn so this is probably going to be called
a lot? We must be careful to not put too many things in the bg pool, or we
accidentally serialize frequent, fast requests behind chonky, slow ones we put
in the bg pool

This blockstore method doesn't actually do expensive reads. This reverts commit 3bbc57f.

Kept the `spawn_blocking` around: * Call to `get_rooted_block` * Call to `get_complete_block` This reverts commit 710f9c6.

vovkman mentioned this pull request Oct 21, 2024

Improve async threading helius-labs/agave#2

Merged

fanatid reviewed Oct 24, 2024

View reviewed changes

alessandrod commented Nov 28, 2024

View reviewed changes

steveluscher self-assigned this Dec 2, 2024

steveluscher reviewed Dec 2, 2024

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steveluscher marked this pull request as draft December 10, 2024 00:21

steveluscher force-pushed the rpc-spawn-blocking-new branch 3 times, most recently from 5435ef5 to e1ab1b6 Compare December 11, 2024 00:07

steveluscher mentioned this pull request Dec 11, 2024

A benchmark suite for the getTokenSupply RPC call #4048

Open

steveluscher force-pushed the rpc-spawn-blocking-new branch from e1ab1b6 to 30e4e0a Compare December 11, 2024 00:53

steveluscher force-pushed the rpc-spawn-blocking-new branch 2 times, most recently from 6fcf0b2 to 234f234 Compare December 11, 2024 23:09

steveluscher marked this pull request as ready for review December 11, 2024 23:19

steveluscher force-pushed the rpc-spawn-blocking-new branch from 234f234 to 9ba5d62 Compare December 11, 2024 23:24

steveluscher reviewed Dec 12, 2024

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steveluscher force-pushed the rpc-spawn-blocking-new branch from 9ba5d62 to b6b71a7 Compare December 12, 2024 18:22

steveluscher closed this Dec 12, 2024

steveluscher reopened this Dec 12, 2024

alessandrod and others added 10 commits December 13, 2024 00:07

rpc: limit the number of blocking threads in tokio runtime

a102de7

By default tokio allows up to 512 blocking threas. We don't want that many threads, as they'd slow down other validator threads.

rpc: make getMultipleAccounts async

9f9f9f8

Make the function async and use tokio::task::spawn_blocking() to execute CPU-bound code in background. This prevents stalling the worker threads polling IO notifications and serving other non CPU-bound rpc methods.

rpc: make getAccount async

c7ed6c7

rpc: run get_filtered_program_accounts with task::spawn_blocking

6d52b2a

get_filtered_program_accounts can be used to retrieve _a list_ of accounts that match some filters. This is CPU bound and can block the calling thread for a significant amount of time when copying many/large accounts.

rpc: use our custom runtime to spawn blocking tasks

326c8f6

Pass the custom runtime to JsonRpcRequestProcessor and use it to spawn blocking tasks from rpc methods.

Make get_blocks() and get_block() yieldy

710f9c6

When these methods reach out to Blockstore, yield the thread

Make get_supply() yieldy

7341641

When this method reaches out to accounts_db (through a call to `calculate_non_circulating_supply()`), yield the thread.

Make get_first_available_block() yieldy

3bbc57f

When this method reaches out to blockstore, yield the thread

Make get_transaction() yieldy

779b59b

When this method reaches out to blockstore, yield the thread

Make get_token_supply() yieldy

02f5c94

When this method reaches out to methods on bank that do reads, yield the thread

steveluscher force-pushed the rpc-spawn-blocking-new branch from b6b71a7 to 02f5c94 Compare December 13, 2024 00:07

Make the choice of cpus / 4 as the default for rpc_blocking_threads

bb8d89b

alessandrod commented Dec 15, 2024

View reviewed changes

steveluscher added 4 commits December 17, 2024 19:57

Encode blocks async

05de61a

Revert "Make get_first_available_block() yieldy"

4967171

This blockstore method doesn't actually do expensive reads. This reverts commit 3bbc57f.

Revert "Make get_blocks() and get_block() yieldy"

a1091d7

Kept the `spawn_blocking` around: * Call to `get_rooted_block` * Call to `get_complete_block` This reverts commit 710f9c6.

Revert putting fetch of interest_bearing_config in the background pool

8e2335c

rpc: improve latency by not blocking worker threads polling IO notifications #3242

Are you sure you want to change the base?

rpc: improve latency by not blocking worker threads polling IO notifications #3242

Conversation

alessandrod commented Oct 21, 2024 • edited by steveluscher Loading

Problem

Summary of Changes

Test plan

Methodolgy for selection of CPU defaults

Methodology

Results

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