arch/posix.h: implement ARCH_EXCEPT() with abort() for debug convenience

Flush all messages and invoke `abort()` when a k_panic() or k_oops() is
hit in native_posix mode.

One of the main purposes of `native_posix` is to provide debug
convenience. When running in a debugger, `abort()` stops execution which
provides a backtrace and the ability to inspect all variables.

A practical use case is fuzzing failures in SOF, see an example in:
thesofproject/sof#8632

In such a case, this commit adds value even before using a
debugger. Without this commit, confusingly meaningless stack trace:

```
INFO: seed corpus: files: 1097 min: 1b max: 428b total: 90853b rss: 58Mb
Exiting due to fatal error
==314134== ERROR: libFuzzer: fuzz target exited
    #0 0x81d9637 in __sanitizer_print_stack_trace (zephyr.exe+0x81d9637)
    #1 0x80cc42b in fuzzer::PrintStackTrace() (zephyr.exe+0x80cc42b)
    zephyrproject-rtos#2 0x80ab79e in fuzzer::Fuzzer::ExitCallback() FuzzerLoop.cpp.o
    zephyrproject-rtos#3 0x80ab864 in fuzzer::Fuzzer::StaticExitCallback() (zephyr.exe+
    zephyrproject-rtos#4 0xf783dfe8  (/usr/lib32/libc.so.6+0x3dfe8)
    zephyrproject-rtos#5 0xf783e1e6 in exit (/usr/lib32/libc.so.6+0x3e1e6)
    zephyrproject-rtos#6 0x82a5488 in posix_exit boards/posix/native_posix/main.c:51:2

SUMMARY: libFuzzer: fuzz target exited
```

Thanks to this commit the `k_panic()` location is immediately available
in the logs without even running anything:

```
INFO: seed corpus: files: 1097 min: 1b max: 428b total: 90853b rss: 58Mb
==315176== ERROR: libFuzzer: deadly signal
LLVMSymbolizer: error reading file: No such file or directory
    #0 0x81d9647 in __sanitizer_print_stack_trace (zephyr.exe+0x81d9647)
    #1 0x80cc43b in fuzzer::PrintStackTrace() (zephyr.exe+0x80cc43b)
    zephyrproject-rtos#2 0x80ab6be in fuzzer::Fuzzer::CrashCallback() FuzzerLoop.cpp.o
    zephyrproject-rtos#3 0x80ab77b in fuzzer::Fuzzer::StaticCrashSignalCallback()
    zephyrproject-rtos#4 0xf7f3159f  (linux-gate.so.1+0x59f)
    zephyrproject-rtos#5 0xf7f31578  (linux-gate.so.1+0x578)
    zephyrproject-rtos#6 0xf788ea16  (/usr/lib32/libc.so.6+0x8ea16)
    zephyrproject-rtos#7 0xf783b316 in raise (/usr/lib32/libc.so.6+0x3b316)
    zephyrproject-rtos#8 0xf7822120 in abort (/usr/lib32/libc.so.6+0x22120)
    zephyrproject-rtos#9 0x82afbde in ipc_cmd src/ipc/ipc3/handler.c:1623:2

NOTE: libFuzzer has rudimentary signal handlers.
      Combine libFuzzer with AddressSanitizer or similar for better
    crash reports.
SUMMARY: libFuzzer: deadly signal
```

Full stack trace When running zephyr.exe in gdb:

```

./scripts/fuzz.sh  -- -DEXTRA_CFLAGS="-O0 -g3"

gdb ./zephyr.exe

backtrace

 zephyrproject-rtos#2  0xf783b317 in raise () from /usr/lib32/libc.so.6
 zephyrproject-rtos#3  0xf7822121 in abort () from /usr/lib32/libc.so.6
 zephyrproject-rtos#4  0x082afbdf in ipc_cmd (_hdr=0x8b...) at src/ipc/ipc3/handler.c:1623
 zephyrproject-rtos#5  0x082fbf4b in ipc_platform_do_cmd (ipc=0x8b161c0)
                                    at src/platform/posix/ipc.c:162
 zephyrproject-rtos#6  0x082e1e07 in ipc_do_cmd (data=0x8b161c0 <heapmem+1472>)
                                    at src/ipc/ipc-common.c:328
 zephyrproject-rtos#7  0x083696aa in task_run (task=0x8b161e8 <heapmem+1512>)
                                    at zephyr/include/rtos/task.h:94
 zephyrproject-rtos#8  0x083682dc in edf_work_handler (work=0x8b1621c <heapmem+1564>)
                                    at zephyr/edf_schedule.c:32
 zephyrproject-rtos#9  0x085245af in work_queue_main (workq_ptr=0x8b15b00 <edf_workq>,...)
                                         at zephyr/kernel/work.c:688
 zephyrproject-rtos#10 0x0823a6bc in z_thread_entry (entry=0x8523be0 <work_queue_main>,..
                                    at zephyr/lib/os/thread_entry.c:48
 zephyrproject-rtos#11 0x0829a6a1 in posix_arch_thread_entry (pa_thread_status=0x8630648 ..
                                  at zephyr/arch/posix/core/thread.c:56
 zephyrproject-rtos#12 0x0829c043 in posix_thread_starter (arg=0x4)
                              at zephyr/arch/posix/core/posix_core.c:293
 zephyrproject-rtos#13 0x080f6041 in asan_thread_start(void*) ()
 zephyrproject-rtos#14 0xf788c73c in ?? () from /usr/lib32/libc.so.6
```

Signed-off-by: Marc Herbert <marc.herbert@intel.com>

include/zephyr/arch/posix/arch.h

@@ -17,6 +17,8 @@
 #ifndef ZEPHYR_INCLUDE_ARCH_POSIX_ARCH_H_
 #define ZEPHYR_INCLUDE_ARCH_POSIX_ARCH_H_
 
+#include <stdlib.h>
+
 /* Add include for DTS generated information */
 #include <zephyr/devicetree.h>
 
@@ -38,6 +40,41 @@ extern "C" {
 #define ARCH_STACK_PTR_ALIGN 4
 #endif
 
+/* "native_posix" should really use CONFIG_LOG_MODE_IMMEDIATE=y but better safe
+ * than sorry: debugging crashes is painful enough already, so try to be nice
+ * and flush all messages. The deferred logging code may also want to enjoy
+ * native_posix too.
+ *
+ * Other archs use Zephyr's elaborate "Fatal Errors" framework which takes care
+ * of flushing logs but native_posix is simpler so we have to do it ourselves.
+ */
+static inline void posix_arch_log_immediate(void)
+{
+#if defined(CONFIG_LOG) && !defined(CONFIG_LOG_MODE_MINIMAL)
+	/* We can't #include the higher-level "log_ctrl.h" in this low-level
+	 * file here because this descends into .h dependency hell.  So let's
+	 * use a one-line forward declaration instead. This void->void
+	 * prototype does not look like it's going to change much in the
+	 * future.
+	 *
+	 * We can't declare "void log_panic(void);" because it is not what it
+	 * seems but a complicated static inline + macro override in
+	 * generated/syscalls/log_ctrl.h. In native_posix mode log_panic()
+	 * boils down to just z_impl_log_panic() so exceptionally invoke that
+	 * directly.
+	 */
+	void z_impl_log_panic(void);
+	z_impl_log_panic();
+#endif
+}
+/* Invoked by k_panic() and k_oops() */
+#define ARCH_EXCEPT(reason_p) do { \
+	posix_arch_log_immediate(); \
+	printk("ARCH_EXCEPT reason: %u\n", reason_p);  \
+	abort(); CODE_UNREACHABLE; \
+} while (false)
+
+/* Exception context */
 struct __esf {
 	uint32_t dummy; /*maybe we will want to add something someday*/
 };